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bio igcse > 3a sexual reproduction > Flashcards

3a sexual reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction (facts, pros, cons)

A

no of parents: 1
haploid: no
fertilisation: no
genetic: identical
cell division: mitosis

pros: faster, favourable conditions
cons: indentical, smaller gene pool, susceptible to disease

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2
Q

sexual reproduction (facts, pros, cons)

A

no of parents: 2
haploid: yes
fertilisation: yes
genetic: variation
cell division: miesos for gameres, mitosis for growth

pros: variation, survive, larger gene pool
cons: more energy, slower, finding a mate

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3
Q

haploid vs diploid

A

haploid = half the number of chromosomes (23)

diploid = full number of chromosomes (46/ 23 pairs)

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4
Q

fertilisation

A

the fusion of the nuclei of the sperm cell and egg cell

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5
Q

asexual examples

A
  1. plants develop underground food storage organs that develop into future parts (TUBERS AND BULBS ) (Natural)
  2. plants produce side branches w runners and produce plants on them (natural)
  3. plants, CUTTINGS (artificial), branch cut-off and stems planted, hormones encourage new roots to develop
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6
Q

PENIS

A

delivers sperm into vagina during sex

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7
Q

TESTES

A

produce sperm

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8
Q

EPIDIDYMYS

A

stores sperm

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9
Q

SPERM DUCT/ VAS DEFERNES

A

tube that carrier sperm into tester
joins uthera

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10
Q

SEMINAL VESICLE

A

adds fluid to sperm during ejaculation = semen

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11
Q

SCROTUM

A

sacs of skin that contract/relax to keep testes cool

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12
Q

ERECTILE TISSUE

A

tissue that hardens during ejaculation and sex

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13
Q

FALLOPIAN TUBES/OVIDUCT

A

tubes which connect to ovaries to uterus carry egg to uterus

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14
Q

UTERUS

A

carries fetus

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15
Q

OVARIES

A

produce female hormones and stores/releases ovum (egg)

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16
Q

VAGINA

A

leads to uterus

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17
Q

VULVA

A

external sex organs for female

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18
Q

CERVIX

A

opening to uterus

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19
Q

SPERM STRUCTURE AND ADAPTATIONS

A

TAIL: propulsion and swimming
MIDPIECE: mitochondria for swimming
ACROSOME: sac of enzymes to break down ZONA PELLUCIDA to enter egg

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20
Q

EGG STRUCTURE AND ADAPTATIONS

A

ZONA PELLUCIDE: outer protein layer to regulate amnt of sperm entering
CORTICAL GRANULES: releases enzymes to harden outer layer (so no more sperm enters)

ZP = CELL MEMBRANE

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21
Q

MALE SECONDARY CHARS

A

TESTOSTERONE

  1. sperm production
  2. growth and development of sex organs
  3. growth of pubic hair
  4. increase in body mass, growth is muscles
  5. voice breaks
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22
Q

FEMALE SECONDARY CHARS

A

OESTROGEN

  1. menstrual cycle begins, ovulation
  2. growth and development of sex organs
  3. growth of pubic hair
  4. increase in body mass, hips develop
  5. breasts develop
  6. voice deepens
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23
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE (DAY 0)

A
  • cycle begins
  • old egg shed along w uterus lining (endometrium)
24
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 5

A
  • period stops
  • FSH release
  • stimulates ovum to mature and develop
25
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 7

A
  • ovum signals to ovaries, as they develop
  • ovaries start to produce oestroegn
  • thickens uterus lining
26
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 14

A
  • ovaries now prod more oestrogen
  • brain stop FSH, starts LH
  • LH triggers ovulation
  • LH TRIGGERS PROGESTERONE RELEASE
  • ovum travels down fallopian to uterus
27
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 20

A
  • ovum reaches uterus

(IF PREGNANT)

  • progesterone maintains thickness of utereus lining (endometrium)

empty egg follicle = corpus luteum = secretes prog, provides nutrients and protection

*no pregnancy, production of prog stores, menstruation occurs and cycle restarts (0-28/32 days)

28
Q

MENSTRUAL CYCLE DAY 28

A
  • end of cycle
  • if egg fertilised = stops
  • otherwise, will shed from womb
  • next egg released from alternate ovary
29
Q

HORMONE SUMMARY

A
  1. FSH
  2. OESTROGEN
  3. STOP FSH
  4. LH
  5. PROG
  6. STOP LH
30
Q

AFTER FERTILISATION..

A
  • FERTILISATION
  • zygote
  • embryo (16 cells)
  • implantation
  • foetus after development more
31
Q

PLACENTA ROLE

A
  • allows substances to diffuse from mothers blodd to fetus

into: o2, glucose, AA, fats, H20, vits & mins, antibodies

out of: urea,CO2

prevents some substances (drugs, alcahhol, pathogens)

BLOOD NEVERRR MIXES

increasing RODO (thin membranes and large sa) = increases rate of GROWTH

32
Q

AMNION (fluid and sac) ROLE

A
  • cushions and protects fetus from bumps
  • prevents pathogens via vaina from getting to fetus

water reaks = amniotic sac breaks

33
Q

UMBILICAL CORD

A

connect placenta to embryo

34
Q

PLANT GAMETES

A

MALE = POLLEN
FEMALE = OVULE

flower = sex organ of plant

35
Q

MALE PART OF FLOWER?

A

STAMEN

= anther + filament

36
Q

FEMALE PART OF THE FLOWER

A

CARPEL

= stigma + style + ovary + ovule

37
Q

ANTHER

A

produces pollen

38
Q

FILAMENT

A

holds anther

39
Q

PETAL

A

coloured parts attract animals and insects

40
Q

SEPAL

A

covers flower in bud and protects it

41
Q

PENDUCLE + RECEPTACLE

A

supports flower, connect to stem

42
Q

NECTARY

A

attracts animals and insects

43
Q

OVARY (Plant)

A

produces ovules & encloses seeds when they form

44
Q

STYLE

A

SITE OF FERTILISATION

(where fertilisation = fusion of nuclei of gametes of ovule and pollen )

connects stigma to ovary

45
Q

STIGMA

A

sticky

site for pollen to be deposited

46
Q

POLLINATION DEFINITION AND 2 TYPES

A

= transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a plant

  1. SELF POLLINATION - within same flower (plant and species)
  2. CROSS POLLINATION - within diff flowers (diff species)
47
Q

WIND FLOWER ADAPTATIONS (7)

A

POSITION OF STAMEN: exposed in wind, pollen easy to blow away
POSITION OF STIGMA: exposed, to catch
TYPE OF STIGMA: feathery, to catch
SIZE OF PETALS: small
COLOUR OF PETALS: no brightly colour (reg. green)
NECTARIES: no
POLLEN GRAINS: smaller, smooth, inflated to carry in wind

48
Q

INSECT POLLINATED ADAPTATIONS

A

POSITION OF STAMEN: in flower to insect makes contact (collects pollen)
POSITION OF STIGMA: in flower so insect makes contact (pollination)
TYPE OF STIGMA: sticky to it attaches to insect
SIZE OF PETALS: large to attract
COLOUR OF PETALS: bright to attract
NECTARIES: yes, attract
POLLEN GRAINS: larger, sticky grains/ w hooks, stick to insect body

49
Q

FERTILISATION PROCESS IN PLANTS

A
  1. POLLINATION: pollen lands on stigma, will attatch to specific receptors
  2. pollen tube grows down style, via release of digestive enzymes
  3. pollen tube grows towards ovary and enters ovule via micropyle (opening)
  4. nucleus of pollen passes down tube to fertilise ovule
  5. fertilised ovule = embryo = seed

ovule = seed, ovary = fruit

50
Q

PROS OF SEED DISPERSAL

A
  • parent plant = less compitition
  • more likely to cross pollinate w parent plant
  • genetic variation
51
Q

CONS OF SEED DISPERSAL

A
  • not easy, invest energy into methods
  • unfavourable conditions
52
Q

METHODS OF SEED DISPERSAL

A

wind (seeds fly)
animals (eat fruit, egest seed)
water (drops and floats)
explosion (pressure releases seeds and they fly away)

53
Q

SEED TRANSFORMATION

A

root = radicle

shoot = plumule

ovule = food store for germination

ovule wall = testa/seed coat

54
Q

WHAT IS GERMINATION AND WHAT IS NEEDED?

A

= DEVELOPMENT OF A SEED INTO A PLANT

utilises food reserves bc no ps, as no light

requires:

  • OXYGEN
  • WATER I
  • GLUCOSE FROM STARCH STORES
55
Q

GROWTH AND PARTS OF A SEED

A
  1. (grows first) RADICLE, grows down into soil = roots and absorbs water and mineral ions
  2. (grows 2nd) PLUMULE, grows upwards towards light = shoot, starts ps
  3. COTELYDON: food store of carbs and starch, provides nutrients for RADICLE and PLUMULE to grow until ps
  4. TESTA/SEED COAT: for protection, comes off in the end

bio igcse (16 decks)

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