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Biology (Marc) > Transport > Flashcards

Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Why can amoeba rely on diffusion for movement of substances into and out of the cell?

A
  • Large surface area to volume ratio

- Short diffusion distance

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2
Q

Why do animals need circulatory systems?

A
  • Surface area to volume ratio is too small
  • Diffusion is too slow
  • Circulatory system needed to transport oxygen
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3
Q

What is the role of the xylem?

A

Transports mineral ions and water from roots to flowers

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4
Q

Describe the structure of xylem

A
  • Hollow forming a continuous column - no cytoplasm

- Lignin gives the xylem strength and support

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5
Q

What is the role of the phloem?

A

Transports sugars from leaves to growing regions/roots for storage

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6
Q

Describe the structure of phloem

A
  • Sieve tubes with sieve plates in between

- Companion cells contains lots of mitochondria for release of energy

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7
Q

List the components of the blood

A
  • Plasma
  • White blood cells (phagocytes and lymphocytes)
  • Red blood cells
  • Platelets
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8
Q

What does the blood transport?

A
  • Oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body
  • Carbon dioxide from other parts of the body to the lungs
  • Nutrients from the gut to all parts of the body
  • Urea from liver to kidneys
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9
Q

List substances transported in the plasma

A
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Urea
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Hormones
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10
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function?

A
  • Biconcave disc shape - large surface area for transport of oxygen
  • Haemoglobin binds to oxygen forming oxyhemoglobin
  • No nucleus - more space for haemoglobin
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11
Q

How does the body prevent pathogen entry?

A
  • Skin acts as a barrier
  • HCl in stomach destroys pathogens
  • Hairs prevent entry
  • Platelets clot the blood at the site of a wound
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12
Q

How do white blood cells attack invading pathogens?

A
  • Phagocytes engulf pathogens
  • Lymphocytes recognise antigens and produce antibodies which destroy pathogens
  • Antitoxins made
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13
Q

How do lymphocytes destroy pathogens?

A
  • Recognise antigens

- Make antibodies which destroy pathogens

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14
Q

How does a vaccine work?

A
  • Dead or weakened pathogen injected
  • Lymphocytes recognise antigens and produce antibodies
  • Memory cells made
  • Produce antibodies much faster next time
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15
Q

Provide some examples of vaccines and their mode of action

A
  • Dead pathogens e.g. whooping cough
  • Weakened pathogens e.g. TB, measles
  • Antigens e.g. influenza
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16
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A
  • Platelets clot the blood at the site of a wound

- Soluble fibrinogen is connected to insoluble fibrin

17
Q

Describe the movement of the blood around the body starting at the right atrium

A
  • Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava
  • Right atrium contracts forcing blood through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
  • Blood enters the right ventricle and leaves via the pulmonary artery
  • Blood flows to the lungs and becomes oxygenated
  • Blood returns to the heart and enters the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
  • Left atrium contracts forcing blood through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
  • Left ventricles contracts forcing blood into the aorta
  • Oxygenated flows around the body and is used in respiration
18
Q

How is our heart rate increased?

A
  • Adrenaline increases heart rate
  • When we exercise, muscles produce carbon dioxide
  • Receptors in aorta and carotid artery detect this increase in carbon dioxide
  • Electrical impulses sent to medulla
  • Accelerator nerve raises heart rate
19
Q

What does single circulation mean?

A

Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and then to rest of the body

20
Q

What does double circulation mean?

A

Blood flows twice into the heart for every once around the body

21
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of?

A
  • Heart
  • Arteries, veins and capillaries
  • Blood
22
Q

Why is the wall of the ventricles thicker than that of the atria?

A

The ventricles have to pump the blood further

23
Q

Why are the artery walls so thick?

A

To withstand the high pressure of the blood flowing inside

24
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than that of the right ventricle?

A
  • Blood from the right ventricle is only pumped to the lungs

- Blood from the left ventricle is pumped much further - around the whole body

25
Q

What is the coronary artery?

A

Blood vessel that supplies the heart with oxygen

26
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A
  • Thick muscle and elastic fibre walls
  • Narrow lumen
  • High blood pressure
27
Q

Describe the structure of the veins

A
  • Thin muscle and elastic fibre walls
  • Large lumen
  • Lower blood pressure
  • Semi-lunar valves prevent the back flow of blood
28
Q

Describe the structure of the capillaries

A
  • Thin walls - one cell thick
  • Short diffusion distance
  • Narrow lumen
29
Q

What factors contribute to coronary heart disease?

A
  • Heredity
  • High blood pressure
  • Diet - high levels of saturated fat and cholesterol
  • Smoking
  • Stress
  • Lack of exercise
30
Q

Explain why reducing the blood supply to the heart muscles cells can cause a heart attack

A
  • Less oxygen
  • Less aerobic respiration
  • Anaerobic respiration
  • Lactic acid
  • Low pH

Biology (Marc) (22 decks)

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