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Biology (Marc) > 2E Nutrition > Flashcards

2E Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis is the process where some organisms are able to TURN LIGHT energy into CHEMICAL energy

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2
Q

What type of organisms use photosynthesis to make their own food?

A

Producers

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3
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic reaction

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4
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In the chloroplasts

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5
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> glucose + oxygen

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6
Q

Symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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7
Q

Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of photsyntesis

A
  • As temperature increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis
  • When it exceed the OPTIMUM TEMP, the RATE of photosynthesis DECREASES as enzymes begin to DENATURE
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8
Q

Explain the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis

A

As light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis increases

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9
Q

Explain the effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis

A

As the CO2 concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis also increases

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10
Q

What is a limiting factor

A

A factor that limits the rate of a reaction when there is not enough of it

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11
Q

Describe the structure of leaf tissue

A
  • Waxy Cuticle
  • Upper Epidermis
  • Palisade Mesophyll
  • Spongy Mesophyll
  • air spaces
  • Lower Epidermis
  • Guard Cells / Stomata
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12
Q

Upper epidermis

A
  • To prevent water loss
  • To protect the leaf
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13
Q

Palisade Mesophyll

A

contains palisdade cells that contain chlorophyll to make PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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14
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

contains air spaces to let gases diffuse into the cells

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15
Q

Guard cell

A
  • allows carbon dioxide into leaf
  • controls the size of the stomata
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16
Q

Xylem

A
  • Transports WATER and MINERALS from the roots to the leaf
  • Strength
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17
Q

Phloem

A
  • Transports SUCROSE and AMINO ACIDS from leaves to other parts of plant
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18
Q

3 Ways leaves are adapted for photosynthesis

A
  • They are thin which provides a short diffusion distance
  • The spongy mesophyll layer has lots of air spaces for efficient gas exchange
  • Palisade mesophyll cells have lots of chloroplasts for photsynthesis
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19
Q

What are mineral ions used for in a plant?

A

Mineral ions are used for growth in plants

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20
Q

2 Common ions in plants

A

Magnesium ion (Mg2+)
Nitrate ion (NO2-)

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21
Q

What are magnesium ions used for in plants?

A

needed to make chlorophyll

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22
Q

What are nitrate ions used for in organisms?

A

to make amino acids (to build proteins)

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23
Q

Why is a balanced diet important

A
  • The body needs different substances
  • in different proportions
  • to function properly.
  • Too much or too little of different things
  • can be harmful.
24
Q

What are 7 groups needed for a balanced diet

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids (fats)
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
  • Water
  • Dietary fibre
25
Q

Function of carbohydrates in the diet

A

Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy

26
Q

Function of proteins in the body

A

Proteins are used for growth and repair body’s tissues

27
Q

Funtions of lipids in the body

A
  • Energy storage
  • Cell membranes
  • Insulation
28
Q

What is vitamin A used for

A
  • keepin the skin healthy
  • improved vision in the dark
  • strengthening the immune system
29
Q

What is vitamin C used for

A

sticks together cells linning surfaces

30
Q

What is vitamin D used for

A

used in the absorption of calcium + phosphate

31
Q

What is calcium used for in the body

A

strenghthens teeth and bones

32
Q

What is iron used for in the body

A

used in haemoglobin to transport oxygen in the blood

33
Q

What is water used for in the body?

A
  • A reaction medium
  • Temperature control
  • Transport
34
Q

What is dietary fibre used for?

A

helps to keep everything flowing through the digestive system

35
Q

Energy requirements in different people

A

The more active the person is, the greater their energy requirement.

36
Q

Describe how energy requirements change as we age

A

Adults generally require more energy than children

37
Q

Passage of food through alimentary canal

A

Mouth -> oesophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum

38
Q

What is the function of the mouth

A
  • To chew and break down food
  • To secrete amylase enzymes
39
Q

What is the oesophagus

A

The tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach

40
Q

What does the stomach do

A
  • The stomach is a muscular sac containing HCl that pummels the food and breaks it down further
  • Secretes protease enzymes
41
Q

What role does the pancreas play in digestion

A

The pancreas secretes amylase, protease and lipase enzymes into the small intestine

42
Q

What are the two parts of the small intestine called?

A

Duodenum and ileum

43
Q

What is the function of the duodenum

A

The duodenum receives food directly from the stomach and uses enzymes and chemical digestion to break down food

44
Q

What is the function of the ileum

A

Most nutrients are absorbed from the food in the ileum into the blood

45
Q

How is the ileum adapted for absorption?

A

The ileum is lined with villi which provide a large surface area for reabsorption

46
Q

How are villi adapted for absorption?

A
  • Thin walls
  • Large surface area
  • Microvilli
  • Good blood supply close to the surface
47
Q

What is the function of the large intestine (colon)?

A

Water is reabsorbed into the blood in the large intestine

48
Q

What is the function of the rectum?

A

The rectum stores faeces before egestion

49
Q

How does peristalisis work to push food through the gut?

A
  • Contraction of circular muscles behind the food, narrows the gut, pushing the food along.
  • When the circular muscles contrat
  • the longitudinal muscles relax..
50
Q

What enzymes break starch down to maltose?

A

Amylase

51
Q

What enzymes break maltose down to glucose?

A

Maltase

52
Q

What group of enzymes break proteins down into amino acids?

A

Proteases

53
Q

What group of enzmes break lipids down into glycerol and fatty acids

A

Lipases

54
Q

What does bile do?

A

1- Bile neutralises the stomach acid
-providing alkaline conditions
- for the digestive enzymes in the small intestine
2- Bile also emulsifies fats

55
Q

Where is bile produced

A

Bile is produced in the liver

56
Q

Where is bile stored

A

Bile is stored in the gallbladder

57
Q

Leaf adaptations (TCLWVCM)

A

-Thin (to allow gases to diffuse easily)
-Can change direction (to face the sunlight)
-Large surface area (to absorb more light)
-Waxy layer on top of the leaf (to reduce water loss)
-Chloroplasts (contain chlorophyll that absorbs light energy from the sun)
-Veins (to transport water to the leaf and glucose away from the leaf)
-Many stomata ( to allow gas exchange)

Biology (Marc) (22 decks)

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