Translation

Question 1

the translation of the mature messenger RNA (mRNA) made in the what?

Answer 1

The nucleus occurs in the cytoplasm of the eukaryotic cells

Question 2

the ribosome is?

Answer 2

the complex,multi-functional, dynamic structure that translates mRNA to make a protein

Question 3

The Ribosome consists?

Answer 3

of large subunit & small subunit

Question 4

Each ribosomal subunit consists of?

Answer 4

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Molecules & ribosomal proteins

Question 5

A mammalian cell may contain?

Answer 5

10 million ribosomes that consume 60% of the cell’s chemical energy

Question 6

Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells produce

Answer 6

ribosomes of different shapes and sizes

Question 7

prokaryotic& eukaryotic ribosome variation is medically significant

Answer 7

some antibiotics destroy bacteria by inhabiting their 70 S Ribosomes

Question 8

prokaryotic ribosomes

Answer 8

70S, 50S,& 30S (33 ribosomal proteins) (21 ribosomal proteins)

Question 9

Eukaryotic ribosomes

Answer 9

80S, 60S ,40S 46 &33 ribosomal proteins

Question 10

what does the ribosome read?

Answer 10

the linear sequence of codons in the messenger RNA (mRNA) to make a protein

Question 11

each codon is a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides

Answer 11

the linear condons in the mRNA correspond to the linear sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Question 12

the genetic code consists of 64 total codons (genetic words)

Answer 12

61 codons code fro amino acids

Question 13

the start codon codes for the translation

Answer 13

start site & also codes for the amino acid methionine

Question 14

three-stop codons code for the

Answer 14

translation stop site

Question 15

start codon

Answer 15

AUG

Question 16

stop codon

Answer 16

UAA, UAG, UGA

Question 17

A continuous supply of the 20 types of amino acids must be delivered to the ribosome during what?

Answer 17

Translation

Question 18

Translation

Answer 18

*Transfer RNA (tRNAs) deliver the 20 types of amino acids
*each type of amino acid is delivered by one or more tRNAs

Question 19

The Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases

Answer 19

are the enzymes that attach the proper
amino acid to the proper transfer RNA

Question 20

20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes

Answer 20

that attach the 20 types of amino acids to the correct tRNA(s)

Question 21

the initiation phase

Answer 21

assemble, aligns, and activates all the component required for the ribosome to begin translation at the start codon

Question 22

small ribosomal subunit binds to the?

Answer 22

5’ G-Cap

Question 23

tRNA that recognizes the start codon binds to

Answer 23

start codon

Question 24

large ribosomal subunit binds to form the

Answer 24

translation initiation complex that is positioned to begin translation at the start codon

Question 25

the energy-rich GTP molecule provides

Answer 25

the required to form the translation initiation complex

Question 26

the initiation factors help

Answer 26

assemble and align the tRNA, small subunit, and large ribosomal subunit at the start codon to form the translation initiation complex.

Question 27

one initiation factor?

Answer 27

a helicase enzyme that Unwinds The Knotted mRNA Into A
Linear Form That The Ribosome Can
Translate

Question 28

Each tRNA Contains?

Answer 28

The Anti-Codon That Recognizes The
Corresponding Codon In mRNA (Transcript)

Question 29

The Anti-Codon Sequence Of Each
tRNA Is Complementary To The?

Answer 29

Nucleotide Sequence Of Its
Corresponding Codon In mRNA

Question 30

The Interaction Between The Codon
& Anti-Codon Follows

Answer 30

The Rules Of
Complementary Base Pairing

Question 31

Transfer RNA That Delivers

Answer 31

Isoleucine To The Ribosome

Question 32

The Elongation Cycle Consists Of A Precise Sequence Of Events That Link

Answer 32

The Amino Acids Together In The Correct Order

Question 33

The Elongation Cycle

Answer 33

• Ribosomes Read The Linear
  Sequence Of Codons In mRNA

The Elongation Factors -
* -Ensure The Correct tRNA Enters The
Ribosome.
* - Reposition The Ribosome So It Can
Read The Next Codon In mRNA.

• The Large Ribosomal Subunit
  Contains The Enzyme That Joins
  Amino Acids Together (~3-10
  Reactions Per Second)
• GTP Supplies The Energy

Question 34

Peptidyl Transferase

Answer 34

Is The Enzyme (Ribozyme) That Links The Amino
Acids Together During The Elongation Cycle
In Prokaryotes, Peptidyl Transferase Is The 23 S rRNA In The 50 S
Ribosomal Subunit
In Eukaryotes, Peptidyl Transferase Is The 28 S rRNA In The 60 S
Ribosomal Subunit

Question 35

The Termination Phase Occurs When The Release Factor Enters The Ribosome & Interacts With The Stop Codon

Answer 35

Ribosome Contacts The Stop
Codon
 Release Factor Interacts With
The Stop Codon
 Proteins & Ribosomal Subunits
Released
 GTP Supplies The Energy To
Disassemble The Translation
Complex

Question 36

Proteins Made By The Ribosomes Must Be Delivered To The

Answer 36

Cellular Site Or Extracellular Location Where Their Function Is
Required

Question 37

Proteins Contain One Or More Amino Acid Sequences, Called

Answer 37

Signal Sequences (“Zip
Codes”), That Direct Each Protein To Its Required Location
* There Is A Specific Signal Sequence For Each Organelle
* Defective Protein Sorting (Delivery) Causes Some Medical Problems

Question 38

The Signal Peptide

Answer 38

Is The Signal Sequence Of The
Membrane & Secretory Proteins

Question 39

Antibiotics Destroy Bacteria Or Prevent Reproduction

Answer 39

Some Antibiotics Inhibit Bacterial 70 S Ribosomes To Eliminate Protein Synthesis
* These Antibiotics Do Not Inhibit Your 80 S Human Ribosomes