Cancer Biology

Question 1

Cancer Cells Characteristics Distinguish Them From Healthy, Functional, Human Cells——

Answer 1

●Abnormal Reproduction (Division)
●Inactivated Cell Cycle Checkpoints
●Defective DNA Repair Systems
●Increased Lifespan Due To Abnormal Aging
●High Levels Of Telomerase
●Inability To Self-Destruct By Apoptosis
●Abnormal Binding Properties
●Hide From The Immune System

Question 2

The Abnormal Cells Cannot Detach From Each Other And- ———-

Answer 2

The Extracellular Matrix And Consequently Spread

Question 3

The Malignant Tumors Contain Cancer Cells That…….

Answer 3

Metastasize, Invade New Locations In The Body, And Form New Tumors

Question 4

Cancer Cells Detach From Each Other & The

Answer 4

Extracellular Matrix And Consequently Metastasize

Question 5

Metastasis

Answer 5

Causes most cancer related deaths

Question 6

There Are ~100 Documented Types Of Human Cancers

Answer 6

There Can Be Subtypes Of Each Cancer Due To Different Mutations In The Cancer Cell Genome

Question 7

Human Cancers Present———To Treat

Answer 7

“A Difficult Set Of Problems”

Question 8

A Single Tumor Can Contain Cancer Cells With Distinct Characteristics Due To—-

Answer 8

Different Mutations In The Cancer Cells

Question 9

The Cancer Cells In A Single Glioblastoma Demonstrate Different Properties

Answer 9

Need For Go-Signals Varies
●Rate Of Mitotic Cell Division Varies
●Sensitivity To Complement Proteins Of The Immune System Varies
●Sensitivity To Low Oxygen (O2) Levels Varies (Hypoxia & Anaerobiosis Describe Low O2 Levels)

Question 10

Chemotherapy?

Answer 10

Is The Use Of Pharmaceuticals (Drugs) To Treat Cancer, Infectious Disease, Or Genetic Disorders

Question 11

Some Anti-Cancer Drugs Inhibit Spindle Function
They Activate The M Phase Checkpoint & Cause Apoptosis?

Answer 11

*Colchicine (Autumn Crocus), *Taxol (Paclitaxel) Pacific Yew, *Vinca Alkaloids (Vinblastine & Vincristine) Periwinkle

Question 12

Some Anti-Cancer Drugs Inhibit Nucleotide Synthesis Which Consequently Inhibits DNA Replication During The S Phase?

Answer 12

Methotrexate & Hydroxyurea

Question 13

The Inadequate Supply Of Deoxyribonucleotides For DNA Synthesis——

Answer 13

Induces Mutations During DNA Replication To Activate The G2/M Phase Checkpoint
*The Activated Checkpoint Induces The Cancer Cells To Self-Destruct By Apoptosis

Question 14

Anti-Hormone Therapy Deprives Cancer Cells Of The—

Answer 14

Go-Signal (Steroid Sex Hormone) Required To Pass The G1/S Cell Cycle Checkpoint

Question 15

Some Types Of Cancer Cells Self-Destruct By

Answer 15

Apoptosis If They Do Not Recognize The Go-signal

Question 16

Some Anti-Cancer Drugs Inhbit?

Answer 16

Angiogenesis Which Is The Process Of New Blood Vessel Formation

Question 17

As A Tumor Enlarges, Its Demand For Glucose, Amino Acids, Oxygen (O2) Molecules, etc. Increases To Support High Rates Of Cancer Cell Division

Answer 17

Some Malnourished Cancer Cells Show Reduced Reproduction
*Some Malnourished Cancer Cells Self-Destruct By Apoptosis

Question 18

Mutations That Enable Cancer Cells To Form Channels Within The Tumor Create Resistance To Angiogenesis Inhibitors

Answer 18

Some Mutations Enable Cancer Cells To Interact To Form Hollow Channels Within The Tumor (Vasculogenic Mimicry)
*The Internal Channels Increase The Delivery Of Glucose, Amino Acids, O2, And Growth Factors (Go-signals) To Cancer Cells In The Tumor

Question 19

Telomeres Are The “Protective Caps” (“Disposable Ends”) At The Ends Of The Linear Chromosomes In The Nucleus

Answer 19

Telomerase Restores Telomere Length During The S Phase Of The Cell Cycle

Question 20

Some Anti Cancer Drugs Inhibit?

Answer 20

Telomerase To Prevent Telomere Restoration During DNA Replication In Cancer Cells

Question 21

Chemotherapy Causes?

Answer 21

Undesirable And Sometimes Debilitating Side-Effects
Hair loss,vomiting,anemia,loss of appetite, &memory impaired

Question 22

Radiation Therapy

Answer 22

Is The Use Of Intense Energy (X-Rays, High Energy Protons) To Destroy Cancer Cells

Question 23

Vaccination Prevents Some Types Of Cancer

Answer 23

Vaccination Could Prevent Cancers Caused By “Oncoviruses” & “Oncobacteria”

Question 24

Cervarix & Gardasil

Answer 24

Prevent The Cancers Caused By Some Strains Of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

Question 25

The Vaccines Prevent?

Answer 25

Cervical, Vaginal, Vulvar, And Anal Cancers, As Well As Genital Warts