Mitotic Cell division

Question 1

Packing benefits?

Answer 1

• Reduced the length (shortens it)
• reduces the rate of mutation
  *enables more precise gene expression

Question 2

How many nuclear molecules are there? What to they interact with?

Answer 2

There are 46 nuclear molecules that interact with his tone proteins

Question 3

The DNA contains——— DNA molecules in the form of chromatin?

Answer 3

92

Question 4

During mitosis what happens?

Answer 4

The spindle separates each pair of the sister chromatids to ensure that each cell inherits 46 molecules

Question 5

The Spindle does what to the chromosomes?

Answer 5

Coordinates the movement of the chromosomes during mitosis

Question 6

The Spindle is formed by?

Answer 6

Protein filaments called micro molecules

Question 7

Each Micromolecule is formed from?

Answer 7

Polymerization of Tublin Proteins

Question 8

The Spindle mircotubles attach to a what?

Answer 8

Structure on each sister chromatid called kinechore

Question 9

Motor proteins enable what?

Answer 9

Each sister chromatid to move along the spindle’s microtubules

Question 10

Mitotic cell division enables what?

Answer 10

All eukaryotic cells to reproduce

Question 11

Single cell eukaryotes use mitotic cell division to—

Answer 11

• Reproduce asexually
• purge toxins & defective organelles

Question 12

Mitotic cell division is essential for what?

Answer 12

All multi cell eukaryotes

Question 13

Mitotic cell division supplied the new cells that enable your body to——

Answer 13

• Grow
• Repair
• Renew (replace)
• Produce Hair
• Defend Itself (Immune System)

Question 14

Mitotic Cell division occurs during—-

Answer 14

The Mitotic (M)Phase of the Cell Cycle

Question 15

What does the M phase generate?

Answer 15

It generates two, independent,” Daughter Cells”

Question 16

What are in two independent daughter cells?

Answer 16

• 46 chromosomes (chromatin molecules) in the nucleus
• A complete set of organelles
• The exact size required to perform their bodily functions

Question 17

Mitotic Cell Division has 2 major processes called?

Answer 17

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Question 18

Mitosis has how many nuclei in the adult stem cell?

Answer 18

2

Question 19

What do the 2 nuclei ensure?

Answer 19

That each daughter cell inherits a nucleus with 46 chromosomes

Question 20

After mitosis, the adult stem cell briefly has 2 what?

Answer 20

Nuclei that contain 46 Chromosomes

Question 21

Mitosis enables the cell to?

Answer 21

“Duplicate The Nucleus”

Question 22

How many stages are there?

Answer 22

5 (Prophase,Prometaphase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase)

Question 23

Prophase

Answer 23

Is the first of the five stages

Question 24

Prophase (description)

Answer 24

Chromatin molecules condensed into shorter chromosome.

#spindle becomes functional.
#Large organelles (nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus ER) Cytoskeleton disassemble

Question 25

Prometaphase

Answer 25

Second stage

Question 26

Prometaphase (description)

Answer 26

*The Kinetochore forms at the centromere of each sister chromatid.
* spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore.
* The spindle move all 46 pairs of Sister chromatids towards the cell center

Question 27

Metaphase

Answer 27

Is the third stage of Mitosis

Question 28

Metaphase (Description)

Answer 28

• The Spindle Positions All 46 Pairs Of Sister Chromatids At The Cell’s Center (Equator) To Form The Metaphase Plate
  *Each Sister Chromatid Of A Pair Is Attached To A Different Half Of The Spindle To Ensure That 46 Chromosomes Are Delivered To Each End Of The Cell
  *The Mitotic Phase (Spindle) Checkpoint Verifies The Attachment Of The Spindle Microtubules To The Kinetochore Of Each Sister Chromatid

Question 29

Anaphase

Answer 29

Is the 4th stage

Question 30

Anaphase(description)

Answer 30

Anaphase A & Anaphase B Ensure That 46 Chromosomes Are Delivered To Opposite Ends Of The Adult Stem Cell
*During Anaphase A, The Motor Proteins In The Kinetochore Pull Each Chromosome Toward One End Of The Cell
*During Anaphase B, The Two Halves Of The Spindle Move Apart As The Microtubules Of Each Half Push Past One Another

Question 31

Telophase

Answer 31

Is the 5th and final stage

Question 32

Telophase (Description)

Answer 32

●Each Chromosome Unwinds Into Its Longer Chromatin Form
●Nuclear Envelope Reforms Around The 46 Chromatin Molecules At Opposite Ends Of The Cell To Form Two Nuclei
●Golgi Apparatus & ER Reform
●Spindle Disassembles & Tubulin Proteins Will Rebuild The Cytoskeleton
●After Telophase Is Accurately Completed, The Cell Separates Into Two, Independent, Daughter Cells During Cytokinesis

Question 33

The Process Of Cytokinesis Begins After—-

Answer 33

Mitosis Is Complete
The Cell Physically Separates To Produce Two Daughter Cells

Question 34

The Actin-Myosin II- ———

Answer 34

Contractile Ring Forms On The Inner Surface Of The Cell Membrane To Perform The Cell Separation (Cleavage) Process

Question 35

M Phase (Spindle) Checkpoint Failure Consequences

Answer 35

●Defective Checkpoint Sensors Prevent The Spindle From Separating One Or More Pairs Of Sister Chromatids (“Nondisjunction”)
*Nondisjunction Causes Aneuploidy [Abnormal Chromosome Number (2n ≠ 46) In The Nucleus]
*Many Aneuploid Human Cells Self-Destruct By Apoptosis
*Aneuploid Cells Suppress The Immune System, Increase The Risk Of Cancer, And Increase The Rate Of Aging