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TRANSLATION Flashcards

1
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

transcript is needed as a template that will be translated later on

A

mRNA

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2
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

provides the anticodon that has
complementary base paring with the codon (made up of mRNA transcript)

A

tRNA

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3
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

as it is in the ribosomes where protein
synthesis takes place

A

rRNA

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4
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

dissociates into a larger and a smaller body.

A

ribosome

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5
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

In higher organisms, including humans, the larger body of the ribosome is called a ____ ribosome (for eukaryotes); the smaller body is called a ____
ribosome.

A
  • 60S
  • 40S
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6
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Complementary strand is still the ____ of the mature mRNA is bonded to the 40S ribosome,
and this unit is then joined to the 60S ribosome.

A

5’ end

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7
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Triplets of bases on mRNA are called

A

codons

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8
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

In order for the genes to be transcribed and transported, there are nucleotides that are
grouped together into threes.

A

codons

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9
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

There is an __________ similar to a magnifying lens, reading every three (3) nucleotides.

A

Open Reading Frame (ORF)

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10
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

There are ___ codons existing in the genetic
code.

A

64

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11
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

The 20 amino acids are then brought to the ________, each amino acid by its own particular tRNA.

A

mRNA-ribosome complex

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12
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Transports amino acids

A

tRNA

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13
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Each tRNA is specific for only one (1) _________.

A

amino acid
residue

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14
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Each cell carries at least ___ specific enzymes, each specific for one amino acid.

A

20

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15
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Each_______ recognizes only one (1) tRNA

A

enzyme

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16
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

The enzyme responsible for amino acid
activation

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

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17
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

The enzyme Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase bonds the activated amino acid to the ____________ of the appropriate tRNA by an ester bond.

A

3’ terminal -OH (hydroxyl) group

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18
Q

At the opposite end of the tRNA molecule is a _________ as this is where the codon will be partnering.

A

codon recognition site

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19
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

The codon recognition site is a sequence of three bases called an ________

A

anticodon

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20
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

The first nucleotide wherein the base pairing can be incorrect, whereas the 2nd and 3rd base pairing (in the first codon) follows the ________

A

Chargaff’s Rule

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21
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Incorrect base pairing in the first nucleotide is called the ________

A

Wobble Base Pairing

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22
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

the following are the possibilities
of incorrect pairing:

Wobble Base Pairing

A

o Uracil-Uracil BP
o Guanine-Uracil BP
o Uracil-Cytosine BP
o Inosine – Uracil: an analog
o Inosine – Adenine

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23
Q

ROLE OF RNA IN TRANSLATION

Impossible Base Pairing

A

Guanine – Adenine

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24
Q

Assignments of triplets (codons) based on
several types of experiments.

A

THE GENETIC CODE

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25
# THE GENETIC CODE What did scientist used in the experiments regarding the genetic code
synthetic mRNA
26
# THE GENETIC CODE By ______, the genetic code was broken
1967
27
# THE GENETIC CODE 61 codes for ________
amino acids.
28
# THE GENETIC CODE 3 codes for _________
stop codons
29
# THE GENETIC CODE Stop Codons/ Termination Signals:
- UAA - UAG - UGA
30
# THE GENETIC CODE Start Codon/ Initiation Signal:
AUG (Methionine)
31
# THE GENETIC CODE Single codon for _____ and _______
- Met - Trp
32
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS What are the 2 steps of protein synthesis
- 1st STEP: AMINO ACID ACTIVATION - 2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION - 3RD STEP: CHAIN ELONGATION - 4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION
33
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Activation of an amino acid (formation of an amino acid-tRNA)
AMINO ACID ACTIVATION
34
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AMINO ACID ACTIVATION requires:
- amino acids - tRNAs - aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases - Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - Magnesium ion (Mg2+): a co-factor
35
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Enzyme used in amino acid activation
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
36
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS high energy compound, usually one molecule used in amino acid activation
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
37
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Products of the Reaction: | AMINO ACID ACTIVATION
- Aminoacyl tRNA - Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - Inorganic Pyrophosphate (PPi)
37
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS co-factor used in amino acid activation
Magnesium ion (Mg2+)
38
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Here the _______ is also formed to be used in Step 2: Chain Initiation. | AMINO ACID ACTIVATION
fMet-tRNAMet
39
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The activated amino acid is bound to its own particular tRNA by an _______ between the _________ of the amino acid and the ____ of the tRNA
- ester bond - carboxyl group - 3’-OH
40
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS There are specific binding sites on tRNAs that are recognized by
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
41
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The amino acid-AMP remains bound to the enzyme and binding of the correct amino acid is verified by an editing site on the ___________
tRNA synthetase
42
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Site of Chain Initiation: | 2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION
30s and 50s ribosomal sub-unit
43
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Requires: | 2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION
- Met (Methionine) - 30s ribosomal subunit - Initiation factor proteins - Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP) - Magnesium Ion (Mg2+)
44
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Met (Methionine), the start codon (AUG), becomes _________ upon the activation which is the signal for the chain initiation step | 2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION
fMet-tRNAMet (also tRNAfMet)
45
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS site of initiation complex | 2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION
30s ribosomal subunit
46
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Initiation factor proteins: | 2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION
- IF1mRNA - IF2 mRNA - IF3 mRNA | with the Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
47
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS provides the sequence and the start codon (AUG); only found in eukaryotic mRNA. | 2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION
Initiation factor proteins with Shine-Dalgarno Sequence
48
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Product of the Reaction Step 1(30s sub-unit) | 2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION
N-formyl-Met | Combined with IF2 + UAC
49
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Product of the Reaction Step 2 (30s initiation complex) | 2nd STEP: CHAIN INITIATION
Formyl-N-Met | Combined with IF1, IF2, IF3 + GTP
50
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Site of Chain Elongation: | 3RD STEP: CHAIN ELONGATION
70s initiation complex
50
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Requires: | 3RD STEP: CHAIN ELONGATION
- 70S codon of mRNA - Aminoacyl tRNA - Elongation factors
51
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Three (3) binding sites for tRNA that are active: | 3RD STEP: CHAIN ELONGATION
- A-site (Aminoacyl site) - P-site (Peptidyl site) - E-site (Exit site)
51
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Elongation factors: | 3RD STEP: CHAIN ELONGATION
- EF TU (Elongation Factors Thermo-Unstable) - EF TS (Elongation Factors Temperature-Sensitive/Thermo- Stable) - GTP (Guanosine Triphosphate) - Magnesium Ion: a co-factor
52
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS binds an incoming aminoacyl tRNA | Active binding sites for tRNA
A-site (Aminoacyl site)
53
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS binds a tRNA that carries a peptide chain | Active binding sites for tRNA
P-site (Peptidyl site)
54
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Nucleophilic attack of _____ on the _______ | Peptide Bond Formation
- -NH2 - peptidyl carbonyl
54
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS carries an uncharged tRNA that is about to be released from the ribosomes | Active binding sites for tRNA
E-site (Exit site)
55
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Site of Chain Termination: | 4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION
70s ribosomal subunit
56
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Requires: | 4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION
- Release Factors - Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
57
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS cleave the polypeptide chain from the last tRNA and release the tRNA from the ribosome. | 4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION
Release Factors
58
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Release Factors: | 4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION
RF1, RF2, RF3
59
# PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Will bind to the thee termination codons (UAA, UAG, or UGA) of mRNA. | 4TH STEP: CHAIN TERMINATION
Release Factors
59
# Gene Regulation As the _____ moves along the mRNA, it encounters a stop codon
ribosome
60
These are the various methods used by organisms to control which genes will be expressed and when they must be silenced or controlled.
GENE REGULATION
61
# Gene Regulation Release factors and GTP bond to the ____
A-site
62
# Gene Regulation The _______ is hydrolyzed from the tRNA
peptide
62
# Gene Regulation Finally, the entire _______ dissociates, and the ribosome, mRNA, and other factors are recycled.
complex
63
# Gene Regulation Gene regulation may operate in 2 levels:
- TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL - translational level
64
# Gene Regulation help proteins fold into their correct form | Posttranslational Modification of Proteins
Chaperone
65
# Gene Regulation Protein modification includes: | Posttranslational Modification of Proteins
(a) Removal of methionine. (b) Chaperoning (c) Degradation of misfolded proteins.
66
# Gene Regulation In eukaryotes, transcription is regulated by three elements: | TRANSCRIPTIONAL LEVEL
- promoters - enhancers - response elements (RE)
67
# Gene Regulation Located adjacent to the transcription site.
Promoters
68
# Gene Regulation Are defined by an initiator and conserved sequences such as TATA or GC boxes.
Promoters
69
# Gene Regulation allow the rate of synthesis of mRNA (and from there the target protein) to vary by a factor of up to a million.
Transcription factors
70
# Gene Regulation Transcription factors find their targeted sites by _______ their protein chains so that a certain amino acid sequence is present at the surface.
twisting
70
# Gene Regulation transcription factor conformations:
- metal-binding fingers or Zinc finger - helix-turn-helix - leucine zipper
71
# Gene Regulation A new way of treating disease in the advent of Gene Therapy
repressors
71
# Gene Regulation Transcription factors also possess _________, which reduce the rate of transcription.
repressors
72
# Gene Regulation Conformational twist that is provided and it consist of amino acid residues
Metal-Binding Fingers / Zinc Finger
73
# Gene Regulation amino acid residues of Metal-Binding Fingers / Zinc Finger
- 2 Cysteine - 2 HIstidine | metal Zinc binds together.
74
A gene’s primary transcript can be edited in several different ways where splicing activity is indicated by dashed lines.
ALTERNATE SPLICING
75
# Alternate Splicing Types of splicing
- Skipped exon - Alternative 5' splice sites - Alternative 3' splice sites - Retained intron - Mutually exclusive exon retention
76
# Gene Regulation specifically the N-formyl-methionine from prokaryotic proteins, cleavage of specific amino acids and addition of signal sequences | POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS
) removal of methionine
77
regulate the degradation of proteins found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Proteosomes
78
Such proteosomes are:
- Lysosome - Ubiquitin
79
Usually occurs in the mid or early 60s, the onset of which may be experienced by few senior citizens.
Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
80
One of the major factors to acquiring this neurodegenerative disease is the entanglement of proteins present in some regions of the brain.
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
81
Has something to do with proper protein folding
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

biochem lec (10 decks)

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