Transcription

Question 1

states that the information contained in DNA molecules is transferred to RNA molecules, and then from the RNA molecules the information is expressed in the structure of proteins.

Answer 1

central dogma of molecular biology

Question 2

The activation of a gene to produce a specific protein; it involves both transcription and
translation

Answer 2

Gene expression

Question 3

The process in which information encoded in a DNA molecule is copied into an mRNA molecule

Answer 3

Transcription

Question 4

The process in which information encoded in a DNA molecule is copied into an mRNA molecule

Answer 4

Transcription

Question 5

The process in which formation encoded in an mRNA molecule is used to assemble a specific protein

Answer 5

Translation

Question 6

TRANSCRIPTION

first used for protein synthesis

Answer 6

mRNA

Question 6

TRANSCRIPTION

A is used to deliver amino acid to the
ribosomes

Answer 6

tRNA

Question 7

TRANSCRIPTION

shaped like a cloverleaf structure

Answer 7

tRNA

Question 7

TRANSCRIPTION

will be part of the ribosome

Answer 7

rRNA

Question 8

TRANSCRIPTION

ribosome is ___ RNA and ___ protein

Answer 8

• ⅔
• ⅓

Question 8

TRANSCRIPTION

Transcription takes place in the ____.

Answer 8

nucleus

Question 9

TRANSCRIPTION

The strand of DNA
that serves as the template during RNA
synthesis

Answer 9

Template strand

Question 9

TRANSCRIPTION

DNA replication takes place in the ________

Answer 9

cytoplasm

Question 10

TRANSCRIPTION

The DNA strand that is not used as a template for transcription, but which has a sequence that is the same as the RNA produced. Also called the (+) strand and the sense strand

Answer 10

Coding strand

Question 11

TRANSCRIPTION

catalyzes the formation of most of the rRNA.

RNA Polymerases that Catalyze
Transcription

Answer 11

RNA polymerase I (pol I)

Question 12

TRANSCRIPTION

catalyzes mRNA formation

Transcription

RNA Polymerases that Catalyze

Answer 12

RNA polymerase II (pol II)

Question 13

TRANSCRIPTION

large protein at 470,000 Daltons (Da)

Transcription

RNA Polymerases that Catalyze

Answer 13

RNA polymerase II (pol II)

Question 14

TRANSCRIPTION

catalyzes tRNA formation as well as one
ribosomal subunit.

Transcription

RNA Polymerases that Catalyze

Answer 14

RNA polymerase III (pol III)

Question 15

TRANSCRIPTION

Transcribed into RNA; the structural gene is
made of exons and introns.

Parts of a Eukaryotic Gene

Answer 15

Structural Gene

Question 16

TRANSCRIPTION

Controls transcription: the regulatory gene is not transcribed but has control elements, one of which is the promoter.

Parts of a Eukaryotic Gene

Answer 16

Regulatory gene

Question 16

TRANSCRIPTION

a DNA sequence near the transcription start site

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

Answer 16

Promoter

Question 17

TRANSCRIPTION

There is always a sequence of bases on the DNA strand called an initiation signal/ transcription
initiation site/ initiation site

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

Answer 17

Promoter

Question 18

TRANSCRIPTION

Lies near the Transcription Start Site (TSS) and is bound by the RNA polymerase during the
transcription initiation process.

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

Answer 18

Promoter

Question 18

TRANSCRIPTION

Promoters also contain consensus sequences, such as the _____, in which the two nucleotides T and A are repeated several times.

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

Answer 18

TATA box

Question 19

# TRANSCRIPTION An important promoter element which resides at the negative 25 region | Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

Answer 19

TATA box

Question 20

# TRANSCRIPTION Lies approximately 26 base pairs upstream | Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

Answer 20

TATA box

Question 20

# TRANSCRIPTION DNA sequences that are farther away from the start site. | Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

Answer 20

Enhancers

Question 21

# TRANSCRIPTION They bind proteins and these are called transcription factors and stimulate transcription above the basal effects during the process of transcription | Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

Answer 21

Enhancers

Question 22

# TRANSCRIPTION In prokaryotes, transcription is carried out by a single type of RNA polymerase, which needs to bind a DNA sequence called a ________ with the help of the sigma factor protein to start transcription

Answer 22

Pribnow box

Question 23

# TRANSCRIPTION are proteins that play a role in regulating transcription of genes by binding to specific regulatory nucleotide sequences

Answer 23

Transcription factors

Question 23

# TRANSCRIPTION RNA polymers & cofactors (transcription factors) bind to DNA creating an initiation bubble | Five Stages of Transcription

Answer 23

Pre-initiation

Question 24

# TRANSCRIPTION begins with the binding of RNA polymers to the promoter in DNA; transcription factors mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription begins | Five Stages of Transcription

Answer 24

Initiation

Question 25

# TRANSCRIPTION RNA polymerase must clear the promoter once the first bond has been synthesized, approx. 23 nucleotides must be synthesized before RNA polymerase loses its tendency to slip away and prematurely release the RNA transcript | Five Stages of Transcription

Answer 25

Promoter clearance

Question 26

# TRANSCRIPTION multiple rounds of transcription occurs so that many copies of a gene can be produced | Five Stages of Transcription

Answer 26

Elongation

Question 27

# TRANSCRIPTION release of newly synthesized mRNA from the elongation complex | Five Stages of Transcription

Answer 27

Termination

Question 28

# TRANSCRIPTION a start site for transcription | Gene Control regions

Answer 28

Start site

Question 29

# TRANSCRIPTION a region of a few hundred nucleotides upstream | Gene Control regions

Answer 29

A promoter

Question 30

# TRANSCRIPTION 10 region which has the common sequence TATAAT; | Gene Control regions

Answer 30

TATA box

Question 31

# TRANSCRIPTION lies approximately 26 base pairs upstream. | Gene Control regions

Answer 31

TATA box

Question 32

# TRANSCRIPTION After initiation, RNA polymerase zips up the complementary bases in a process __________. | Gene Control regions

Answer 32

elongation factors

Question 32

# TRANSCRIPTION involves formation of phosphate ester bonds between @ ribose and the nxt phosphate group. | Gene Control regions

Answer 32

Elongation

Question 33

# TRANSCRIPTION Elongation is in the ______ direction. | Gene Control regions

Answer 33

5’ —> 3’

Question 34

# TRANSCRIPTION At the end of each gene is a __________. | Gene Control regions

Answer 34

termination sequence

Question 34

# TRANSCRIPTION In t-RNA Processing, eukaryotic tRNA molecules are altered by | Post-transcriptional modification of RNA

Answer 34

1. trimming of ends by phosphodiester bond cleavage 2. splicing to remove an intron 3. addition of terminal sequences 4. heterocyclic base modification usually methylation.

Question 35

# TRANSCRIPTION rRNA Processing – in prokayrotes and eukaryotes are processed by trimming to the appropriate sizes by ___________ | Post-transcriptional modification of RNA

Answer 35

methylation of bases

Question 36

# TRANSCRIPTION mRNA processing – most prokaryotic mRNA requires no post-transcriptional alteration before it is translated into proteins. In contrast, eukaryotic mRNA are chemically modified in the ____ before transport to the ribosomes for translation | Post-transcriptional modification of RNA

Answer 36

nucleus

Question 37

# TRANSCRIPTION Transcribed mRNA is capped at both ends, The 5‘ end acquires a _____________ | Processes occur in primary mRNA transcripts

Answer 37

methylated guanine (7-mG cap)

Question 38

# TRANSCRIPTION Transcribed mRNA is capped at both ends, The 3’ end acquires a _____ that may contain from 100 to 200 adenine residues | Processes occur in primary mRNA transcripts

Answer 38

polyA tail

Question 39

# TRANSCRIPTION GTP is used to attach a ____ residue to the 5’ end; end guanine residue is methylated at N7 to complete one kind of 5’cap | Processes occur in primary mRNA transcripts

Answer 39

- GMP - N7

Question 39

# TRANSCRIPTION the 3’ end of mRNA is modified by the addition of __________. The latter stabilizes mRNA by increasing resistance to _________ and to help mRNA cross the nuclear membrane | Processes occur in primary mRNA transcripts

Answer 39

- polyadenylate (Poly A) tail - cellular nucleases

Question 39

# TRANSCRIPTION the final form of mRNA used in translation is the result of chemical processing events called ________, where introns (intervening sequence) are cut from the gene, and exon (coding region on the genes) fragments are splices or joined to produce the mature, functional mRNA. | Processes occur in primary mRNA transcripts

Answer 39

splicing