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biochem lec > Transcription > Flashcards

Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

states that the information contained in DNA molecules is transferred to RNA molecules, and then from the RNA molecules the information is expressed in the structure of proteins.

A

central dogma of molecular biology

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2
Q

The activation of a gene to produce a specific protein; it involves both transcription and
translation

A

Gene expression

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3
Q

The process in which information encoded in a DNA molecule is copied into an mRNA molecule

A

Transcription

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4
Q

The process in which information encoded in a DNA molecule is copied into an mRNA molecule

A

Transcription

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5
Q

The process in which formation encoded in an mRNA molecule is used to assemble a specific protein

A

Translation

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6
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

first used for protein synthesis

A

mRNA

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6
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

A is used to deliver amino acid to the
ribosomes

A

tRNA

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7
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

shaped like a cloverleaf structure

A

tRNA

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7
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

will be part of the ribosome

A

rRNA

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8
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

ribosome is ___ RNA and ___ protein

A
  • ⅔
  • ⅓
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8
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

Transcription takes place in the ____.

A

nucleus

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9
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

The strand of DNA
that serves as the template during RNA
synthesis

A

Template strand

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9
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

DNA replication takes place in the ________

A

cytoplasm

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10
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

The DNA strand that is not used as a template for transcription, but which has a sequence that is the same as the RNA produced. Also called the (+) strand and the sense strand

A

Coding strand

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11
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

catalyzes the formation of most of the rRNA.

RNA Polymerases that Catalyze
Transcription

A

RNA polymerase I (pol I)

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12
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

catalyzes mRNA formation

Transcription

RNA Polymerases that Catalyze

A

RNA polymerase II (pol II)

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13
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

large protein at 470,000 Daltons (Da)

Transcription

RNA Polymerases that Catalyze

A

RNA polymerase II (pol II)

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14
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

catalyzes tRNA formation as well as one
ribosomal subunit.

Transcription

RNA Polymerases that Catalyze

A

RNA polymerase III (pol III)

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15
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

Transcribed into RNA; the structural gene is
made of exons and introns.

Parts of a Eukaryotic Gene

A

Structural Gene

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16
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

Controls transcription: the regulatory gene is not transcribed but has control elements, one of which is the promoter.

Parts of a Eukaryotic Gene

A

Regulatory gene

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16
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

a DNA sequence near the transcription start site

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

A

Promoter

17
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

There is always a sequence of bases on the DNA strand called an initiation signal/ transcription
initiation site/ initiation site

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

A

Promoter

18
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

Lies near the Transcription Start Site (TSS) and is bound by the RNA polymerase during the
transcription initiation process.

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

A

Promoter

18
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

Promoters also contain consensus sequences, such as the _____, in which the two nucleotides T and A are repeated several times.

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

A

TATA box

19
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

An important promoter element which
resides at the negative 25 region

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

A

TATA box

20
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

Lies approximately 26 base pairs upstream

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

A

TATA box

20
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

DNA sequences that are farther away from the
start site.

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

A

Enhancers

21
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

They bind proteins and these are called transcription factors and stimulate transcription above the basal effects during the process of transcription

Control Elements of the Regulatory Gene

A

Enhancers

22
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

In prokaryotes, transcription is carried out by a single type of RNA polymerase, which needs to bind a DNA sequence called a ________ with the help of the sigma factor protein to start transcription

A

Pribnow box

23
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

are proteins that play a role in
regulating transcription of genes by binding to specific regulatory nucleotide sequences

A

Transcription factors

23
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

RNA polymers & cofactors (transcription factors) bind to DNA creating an initiation bubble

Five Stages of Transcription

A

Pre-initiation

24
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

begins with the binding of RNA polymers to the promoter in DNA; transcription factors mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription begins

Five Stages of Transcription

A

Initiation

25
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

RNA polymerase must clear the
promoter once the first bond has been synthesized, approx. 23 nucleotides must be synthesized before RNA polymerase loses its tendency to slip away and prematurely release the RNA transcript

Five Stages of Transcription

A

Promoter clearance

26
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

multiple rounds of transcription occurs so that many copies of a gene can be produced

Five Stages of Transcription

A

Elongation

27
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

release of newly synthesized mRNA from the elongation complex

Five Stages of Transcription

A

Termination

28
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

a start site for transcription

Gene Control regions

A

Start site

29
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

a region of a few hundred nucleotides
upstream

Gene Control regions

A

A promoter

30
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

10 region which has the common sequence TATAAT;

Gene Control regions

A

TATA box

31
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

lies approximately 26
base pairs upstream.

Gene Control regions

A

TATA box

32
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

After initiation, RNA polymerase zips up the complementary bases in a process __________.

Gene Control regions

A

elongation factors

32
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

involves formation of phosphate ester bonds between @ ribose and the nxt phosphate group.

Gene Control regions

A

Elongation

33
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

Elongation is in the ______ direction.

Gene Control regions

A

5’ —> 3’

34
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

At the end of each gene is a __________.

Gene Control regions

A

termination sequence

34
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

In t-RNA Processing, eukaryotic tRNA molecules are altered
by

Post-transcriptional modification of RNA

A
  1. trimming of ends by phosphodiester bond cleavage
  2. splicing to remove an intron
  3. addition of terminal sequences
  4. heterocyclic base modification usually methylation.
35
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

rRNA Processing – in prokayrotes and eukaryotes are processed by trimming to the appropriate sizes by ___________

Post-transcriptional modification of RNA

A

methylation of bases

36
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

mRNA processing – most prokaryotic mRNA requires no
post-transcriptional alteration before it is translated into
proteins. In contrast, eukaryotic mRNA are chemically modified in the ____ before transport to the ribosomes for translation

Post-transcriptional modification of RNA

A

nucleus

37
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

Transcribed mRNA is capped at both ends, The 5‘ end acquires a _____________

Processes occur in primary mRNA transcripts

A

methylated guanine
(7-mG cap)

38
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

Transcribed mRNA is capped at both ends, The 3’ end acquires a _____ that may contain from
100 to 200 adenine residues

Processes occur in primary mRNA transcripts

A

polyA tail

39
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

GTP is used to attach a ____ residue to the 5’ end; end guanine residue is methylated
at N7 to complete one kind of 5’cap

Processes occur in primary mRNA transcripts

A
  • GMP
  • N7
39
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

the 3’ end of mRNA is modified by the addition of __________. The latter stabilizes mRNA by increasing resistance to _________ and to help mRNA cross the nuclear membrane

Processes occur in primary mRNA transcripts

A
  • polyadenylate (Poly A) tail
  • cellular nucleases
39
Q

TRANSCRIPTION

the final form of mRNA used
in translation is the result of chemical processing events called ________, where introns (intervening sequence) are cut from the gene, and exon (coding region on the genes) fragments are splices or joined to produce the mature, functional mRNA.

Processes occur in primary mRNA transcripts

A

splicing

biochem lec (10 decks)

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