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biochem lec > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

The sum of all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the dynamic state of a cell or organism.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

A series of biochemical reactions.

A

Pathway

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3
Q

The process of breaking down large
nutrient molecules into smaller molecules with the concurrent production of energy.

A

Catabolism

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4
Q

The process of synthesizing larger molecules from smaller ones.

A

Anabolism

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5
Q

the sum of catabolism and anabolism

A

Metabolism

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6
Q

Anabolism and catabolism are linked together by their contrasting but coordinated energy requirements called

A

bioenergetics

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7
Q

release the potential energy from food and collect it in the reactive intermediate, ATP

A

Catabolic processes

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7
Q

use the free energy stored in ATP to perform work

A

Anabolic processes

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8
Q

The two processes (anabolic and catabolic) are coupled by the

A

ATP energy cycle

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9
Q

serves as the universal carrier of biochemical energy

A

ATP

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10
Q

Catabolism

Leads to _________ of biomolecules

A

degradation

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11
Q

Catabolism

Overall process of chemical oxidation and formation of reduced cofactors of

A

NADH, NADPH, FADH2

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11
Q

Catabolism

______ of chemical energy and production of ATP from ADP

A

Release

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12
Q

Catabolism

________ of pathways

A

Convergence

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13
Q

Anabolism

________ of biomolecules

A

Synthesis

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14
Q

Anabolism

Overall process of chemical oxidation and formation of

A

NAD+, NADP+, FAD

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15
Q

Anabolism

______ for energy input and use of ATP

A

Requirement

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16
Q

Anabolism

________ of pathways

A

Divergence

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17
Q

Cells and Mitochondria

Where replication of DNA takes place

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

Cells and Mitochondria

Remove damaged cellular components and some
unwanted foreign materials

A

Lysosomes

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19
Q

Cells and Mitochondria

Package and process proteins for secretion and delivery to other cellular components.

A

Golgi bodies

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20
Q

Cells and Mitochondria

Organelles in which the common catabolic pathway takes place in higher organisms; the purpose of this catabolic pathway is to convert the energy stored in food molecules into
energy stored in molecules of ATP

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

Cells and Mitochondria

Parts of the mitochondria

A
  • inner membrane
  • outer membrane
  • matrix
  • crista
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22
Q

ENERGY-RICH CARRIER MOLECULES

___________ use major processes to transform the energy held in the chemical bonds of food molecules into more readily usable forms

A

Eukaryotes

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23
Q

ENERGY-RICH CARRIER MOLECULES

is the most abundant energy carrier in the cell

A

ATP

24
Q

ENERGY-RICH CARRIER MOLECULES

Certain reduced forms of high energy molecules such as ______ and ________ can donate their electrons to the electron carriers of the ETC which results in the production of ATP

A

NADH and FADH2

25
Q

is the most important compound involved in the transfer of phosphate groups.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

26
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ATP contains two ___________ bonds and one __________ bond.

A
  • phosphoric anhydride
  • ## phosphoric ester
27
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate (anhydride) of ATP gives

A
  • ADP
  • dihydrogen phosphate ion
  • energy.
28
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

How much energy is produced during the Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate (anhydride) of ATP gives
ADP,

A

7.3 kcal/mol

29
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Hydrolysis of a phosphoric anhydride liberates more energy than the hydrolysis of a __________.

A

phosphoric ester

30
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

We say that ATP and ADP each contain high-energy __________.

A

phosphoric
anhydride bonds.

31
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ATP is a universal carrier of __________

A

phosphate groups

32
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ATP is also a _______ for the storage and transfer of energy

A

common

33
Q

NAD+/NADH

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a ________ agent

A

biological
oxidizing

34
Q

NAD+/NADH

Nicotinamide is deriveed from

A

niacin

35
Q

NAD+ is a ________ agent, and is reduced
to NADH.

A

two-electron oxidizing

36
Q

NADH is a ________ agent, and is oxidized to NAD+

A

two-electron reducing

37
Q

NADH is an ______ and ________ transporting
molecule

A

electron and hydrogen ion

38
Q

FAD/FADH2

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is also a _________ agent.

A

biological oxidizing

39
Q

FAD/FADH2

FAD is a _________ agent, and is reduced to FADH2
.

A

two-electron oxidizing

40
Q

FAD/FADH2

FADH2 is a ___________, and is oxidized to FAD

A

two-electron reducing agent

41
Q

FAD/FADH2

Two components of riboflavin

A
  • flavin
  • ribitol
42
Q

Coenzyme A

Coenzyme A (CoA) is an ___________

A

acetyl group carrier

43
Q

Coenzyme A

Like NAD+ and FAD, coenzyme A contains a unit of _____.

A

ADP

44
Q

Coenzyme A

CoA is often written CoA-SH to emphasize the fact that it contains a _________

A

sulfhydryl group.

45
Q

Coenzyme A

The vitamin part of coenzyme A is __________.

A

pantothenic acid

46
Q

Coenzyme A

The acetyl group of acetyl CoA is bound as a high energy _______.

A

thioester

47
Q

Coenzyme A

Components of CoA

A
  • mercaptoethylamine
  • pantothenic acid
  • phosphorylated ADP
48
Q

Chemistry of Metabolism

Oxidation-reduction reactions

A

oxidoreductase/
dehydrogenase

49
Q

Chemistry of Metabolism

Group transfer reactions

A

transferase

50
Q

Chemistry of Metabolism

Hydrolytic cleavage (hydrolysis)

A

hydrolase

51
Q

Chemistry of Metabolism

Non hydrolytic cleavage

A

lyase

52
Q

Chemistry of Metabolism

Isomerization and rearrangement

A

isomerase

53
Q

Chemistry of Metabolism

Bond formation using energy from ATP

A

ligase

54
Q

Concepts of Bioenergetics

Free energy or ____ free energy

A

Gibbs

55
Q

Concepts of Bioenergetics

overall catabolic processes release energy

A

Exergonic

56
Q

Concepts of Bioenergetics

overall anabolic processes use energy

A

Endergonic

57
Q

Concepts of Bioenergetics

ability to do work

A

Energy

58
Q

Concepts of Bioenergetics

measure of heat content

A

enthalpy

59
Q

Concepts of Bioenergetics

measure of disorder in a system

A

entropy

60
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

Is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic processes, distinguishing two kinds of transfer energy, as ____ and as
thermodynamic _____, and relating them to a function of a body’s state, called __________

A
  • heat
  • work
  • internal energy

biochem lec (10 decks)

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