Carbohydrates Flashcards by VERNARD DOMINIC ALOYON

“Hydrates of carbon”

Carbohydrates

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Molecular formula of Carbohydrates

(CH2O)n

Now known that not all carbohydrates obey this rule

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Carbohydrates, are substances that gives these compounds on
hydrolysis.

polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxyketone

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Aldehyde compound with a lot of hydroxyl
group in the chain

Polyhydroxyaldehyde

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Most abundant biomolecules on earth

CARBOHYDRATES

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Many of the carbon atoms to which OH groups are attached are _________

chiral centers

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Ketone compound with a lot of hydroxyl
group in the chain

Polyhydroxyketone

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Stereoisomers found

Carbohydrates

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Biomedical Importance

Have important _________ and ________ roles

structural and metabolic

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Biomedical Importance

is the most important carbohydrate

Glucose

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Biomedical Importance

Dietary carbohydrate is absorbed into the blood stream as _______

glucose

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Biomedical Importance

_______ is the major metabolic fuel

Glucose

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Biomedical Importance

Major source of energy in cell

Glucose

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Biomedical Importance

What percent of energy comes from carbohydrates

75%

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Biomedical Importance

1 g lipid =

9 k.calories

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Biomedical Importance

1 g CHO =

4 k.calories

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Biomedical Importance

Cell membrane components:

glycolipid & glycoprotein

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Biomedical Importance

Form structural tissues in plants and in microbes:

cellulose
chitin

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Biomedical Importance

______ is the precursor for synthesis of all other carbohydrates in the body

Glucose

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Biomedical Importance

Glucose is stored as ________ in animals, and _____ in plants

glycogen
starch

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Biomedical Importance

________ and ______ in nucleic acids

Ribose and deoxyribose

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Biomedical Importance

Describe the mechanism of some diseases to ________ (diabetes, lactose intolerance, glycogen storage disease, galactosemia, etc.)

carbohydrates intake

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Biomedical Importance

Carbohydrates are classified into 4 groups:

monosaccharide
disaccharide
oligosaccharide
polysaccharide

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Biomedical Importance

________ are crystalline solids, soluble in water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents

Monosaccharides

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A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler carbohydrate.

MONOSACCHARIDES

# MONOSACCHARIDES means sugar

Saccharide

A polymer with monomeric units that make up the larger ones.

MONOSACCHARIDES

# MONOSACCHARIDES Monosaccharides have the general formula ________, where n varies from 3 to 8

CnH2nOn

A monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group (terminal)

Aldose

A monosaccharide containing a ketone group (middle)

Ketose

# Monosaccharides The suffix ____ indicates that a molecule is a carbohydrate

-ose

# Monosaccharides The prefixes tri-, tetra-, penta- and so forth indicate the number of _________ in the chain.

carbon atoms

# Monosaccharides There are only two trioses:

glyceraldehyde (aldotriose) and dihydroxyacetone (ketotriose)

# Monosaccharides Often aldo- and keto- are _______ and these compounds are referred to simply as trioses

omitted

# Monosaccharides Glyceraldehyde, the simplest aldose, contains _______ and exists as a pair of _________.

- one stereocenter - enantiomers

# MONOSACCHARIDES In ketone, assign it with a lower number; it is Carbon 2 or C2 | BASED ON THE PLACEMENT OF CARBONYL GROUP

Internal functional group

# MONOSACCHARIDES In aldose, It is only found at the end of the carbon chain. Hence, it is always called as Carbon 1 or C1. | BASED ON THE PLACEMENT OF CARBONYL GROUP

Terminal functional group

# MONOSACCHARIDES The Naturally Occurring Glyceraldehyde

D-glyceraldehyde

# MONOSACCHARIDES For the sugars, the _______ are the ones that are naturally occurring unlike amino acids where the L-isomers are the naturally occurring ones

D-isomers

# MONOSACCHARIDES A two-dimensional representation for showing the configuration of tetrahedral stereocenters.

Fischer projection

# MONOSACCHARIDES ________ represent bonds projecting forward from the stereocenter. | FISCHER PROJECTION

Horizontal lines

# MONOSACCHARIDES _______ represent bonds projecting to the rear | FISCHER PROJECTION

Vertical lines

# MONOSACCHARIDES Only the _______ is in the plane.

stereocenter

# MONOSACCHARIDES In 1891, ________ made the arbitrary assignments of D- and L- to the enantiomers of glyceraldehyde. | (specific rotation +/- 13.5)

Emil Fischer

# MONOSACCHARIDES the -OH on its penultimate carbon is on the right in a Fischer projection

D-monosaccharide

# MONOSACCHARIDES the -OH on its penultimate carbonis on the left in a Fischer projection.

L-monosaccharide

# MONOSACCHARIDES The most common D-tetroses:

- D-Erythrose - D-Threose

# MONOSACCHARIDES The most common D-pentose

- D-ribose - 2-Deoxy-D-ribose

# MONOSACCHARIDES contains 6 to 10 monosaccharide units

Oligosaccharides

# MONOSACCHARIDES contains larger number of monosaccharide units.

Polysaccharides

# MONOSACCHARIDES there are different monosaccharides that make it up

heteropolysaccharides

# MONOSACCHARIDES is when you only have one type of monosaccharide

homopolysaccharide

# MONOSACCHARIDES Humans can only absorb __________ (not polymers)

monosaccharides

# MONOSACCHARIDES In the intestines, there are specific ______ that can cut the bonds to liberate monosaccharides (then we absorb these)

enzymes

# MONOSACCHARIDES In lactose intolerance, there is no enzyme that can liberate the monomers of ______ or there is defective or downgraded expression of ______ where lactose can never be absorbed the intestines (where nutrients are absorbed)

- lactose - lactase

# MONOSACCHARIDES is a disaccharide with glucose and galactose together

lactose

# MONOSACCHARIDES is the enzyme in the intestines that cleaves lactose when lactose is not fully degrades by other digestive enzymes

lactase

# MONOSACCHARIDES After lactose passes through the small intestine, it goes through the colon where there is _______ that receives lactose as their food

bacteria

# MONOSACCHARIDES Bacteria metabolizes lactose and degrade it and the consequence is the bacteria that degraded lactose will form a lot of ____

gas

# MONOSACCHARIDES Then, the other food that should have been absorbed will be joined together with the gas hence the reason for _______ in lactose intolerant people

diarrhea

# MONOSACCHARIDES fructose and galactose can also be absorbed in their monomeric forms but they are water soluble, they pass by the _____

liver

# MONOSACCHARIDES when fructose and galactose pass by the liver, the liver will convert them into ______

glucose

# MONOSACCHARIDES are mirror images who face each other like mirrors

Enantiomers

# MONOSACCHARIDES Is the chiral carbon which is farthest from the carbonyl group/carbonyl carbon (C=O)

Penultimate carbon

# MONOSACCHARIDES rotates the plane of polarized light clockwise

Dextrorotatory (D)

# MONOSACCHARIDES rotates the plane of polarized light counterclockwise

Levorotatory (L)

# MONOSACCHARIDES three most common D-hexoses are:

- D-Glucose - D-Galactose - D-Glucosamine

# MONOSACCHARIDES a derived amino sugar because you have an amino group (NH2) instead of a hydroxyl group (OH)

D-Glucosamine

# MONOSACCHARIDES can form nice crystals because of the symmetry of the internal structure

D-Galactose

# AMINO SUGARS Amino sugars contain an ____ in place of an -OH group.

-NH2

# Amino Sugars Only three amino sugars are common in nature:

- D-glucosamine - D-mannosamine - D-galactosamine

# Amino Sugars is an acetylated derivative of D-glucosamine.

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

# Amino Sugars C-2 stereoisomer of D-glucosamine

D-Mannosamine

# Amino Sugars C-4 stereoisomer of D-glucosamine

D-Galactosamine

# Amino Sugars These form part of the joints and make them flexible

Amino sugars

# Cyclic Structure In the cells, aldehydes and ketones are in ____ forms

cyclic

# Cyclic Structure Aldehydes and ketones react with alcohols to form _________

hemiacetals

# Cyclic Structure Cyclic hemiacetals form readily when _______ and ______ are part of the same molecule and their interaction can form a five- or six- membered ring.

hydroxyl and carbonyl groups

# Cyclic Structure ________ has a functional group of a carbon bonded to one —OH group and one —OR group

Hemiacetals

# Cyclic Structure The open chain form exists in equilibrium with the cyclic hemiacetal forms in ________

aqueous solutions

# Cyclic Structure Hemiacetals can react further with alcohols to form ______

acetals

# Cyclic Structure All steps in hemiacetal and acetal formation are _______

reversible

# Cyclic Structure there is a formation of a new bond

Nucleophilic addition (AN)

# Cyclic Structure Hemiacetal formation in carbohydrates generate another _______ (anomeric carbon).

stereocenter

# Cyclic Structure chains are closed to form cyclic forms

Nucleophilic addition (AN)

# Cyclic Structure a 5 carbon structure with a carbonyl group

4-Hydroxypentanal

# Cyclic Structure the penultimate hydroxyl 4-Hydroxypenatal in is there as the _________

nucleophile

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS Named after English chemist Sir _________ (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1937)

Walter N. Haworth

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS A way to view _______ and _______ forms of monosaccharides

furanose and pyranose

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS The ring is drawn flat and viewed through its edge, with the anomeric carbon on the ____ and the oxygen atom to the _____.

- right - rear

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at their anomeric carbons

Anomers

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS ______ and ______ cannot be done if it is just Fischer projections

beta and alpha

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS 2 cyclic hemiacetals formed by D-glucose

- B-D-Glucopyranose - a-D-Glucopyranose

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS the —OH on the anomeric carbon lies on the same side of the ring as the terminal –CH2OH (oriented upwards)

beta anomer

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS the –OH on the anomeric carbon is opposite the terminal –CH2OH (oriented downwards)

alpha anomer

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS It is called a pyranose because β-D-Glucopyranose and α-D-Glucopyranose follow the _______

pyran ring

A five- or six- membered cyclic hemiacetal is represented as a planar ring, lying roughly perpendicular to the plane of the paper.

Haworth Projections

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS The new carbon stereocenter created in forming the cyclic structure is called the _______

anomeric carbon

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS Groups bonded to the carbons of the ring then lie either above or below the ____ of the ring.

plane

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS The anomeric carbon of an aldose is ___; that of the most common ketose is ___

- C-1 - C-2

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS six-membered hemiacetal ring

Pyranose

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS five-membered hemiacetal ring

Furanose

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS also form cyclic hemiacetals

Aldopentoses

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS The most prevalent forms of D-ribose and other pentoses in the biological world are _______

furanoses

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS The prefix “deoxy” means

“without oxygen”.

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS also forms a five-membered cyclic hemiacetal

D-Fructose | (a 2-ketohexose)

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS In D-fructose, ____ becomes the anomeric carbon

# HAWORTH PROJECTIONS In D- fructose, C1 and C6 are ______

outside

# CHAIR CONFORMATIONS For ______, the six-membered ring is more accurately represented as strain-free chair conformation

pyranoses

# CHAIR CONFORMATIONS Beta is more ____ than alpha

stable

# CHAIR CONFORMATIONS In both Haworth projections and chair conformations, the orientations of groups on carbons 1-5 of β-D-glucopyranose are up, down, up, down and up, and all are ______.

equatorial

# CHAIR CONFORMATIONS __________ predominate in aqueous solutions because the –OH group on the anomeric carbon of glucopyranoses are in the more stable equatorial position.

Beta-anomers

Anomerism between beta and alpha

MUTAROTATION

# MUTAROTATION Another type of stereoisomerism, showing only the difference in _______ of the substituents

orientation

# MUTAROTATION The change in _________ that accompanies the equilibration of α- and β- anomers in aqueous solution.

specific rotation

# MUTAROTATION When either a-D-glucose or b-D-glucose is dissolved in water, the specific rotation of the solution gradually changes to an equilibrium value of _______, which corresponds to ____ beta and ______ alpha forms.

- +52.7° - 64% - 36%

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES Treatment of a monosaccharide, all of which exists almost exclusively in cyclic hemiacetal forms, with an alcohol gives an ______. | Formation of Glycosides

acetal

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES Predominant substituent is _____ | FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

OCH3

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES There is another alcohol group and the most susceptible is the _________ | FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

anomeric carbon

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES a cyclic acetal derived from a monosaccharide | FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

Glycoside

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES are stable in water and aqueous base, but like other acetals, are hydrolyzed in aqueous acid to an alcohol and a monosaccharide | FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

Glycoside

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES are named by listing the alkyl or aryl group bonded to oxygen followed by the name of the carbohydrate in which the ending -e is replaced by -ide | FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

Glycoside

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES the bond from the anomeric carbon to the -OR group | FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

Glycosidic bond

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES Mutarotation is not possible for a glycoside because an acetal, unlike a hemiacetal, is not in _______ with the open-chain carbonyl containing compound. | FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES (ACETALS)

equilibrium

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES The glucose aldehyde portion (CHO) is reduced to a primary alcohol group (CH2OH) which is now called | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

glucitol or sorbitol (generic term)

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES The carbonyl group of a monosaccharide can be reduced to an hydroxyl group by a variety of reducing agents, including _____ and ______ in the presence of a transition metal catalyst ______. | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

- NaBH4 and H2 - H2/Pt

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES The products formed when the CHO group of a monosaccharide is reduced to a CH2OH group | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

Alditol

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES They are named by changing the suffix -ose to -itol | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

Alditol

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES used as replacements for sugar content (high sweetness but low calorie) | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

Alditol

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES Sources of hydrogen: | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

- NaBH4 - LiAlH4

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES is used as a reducing agent for aldehydes and ketones | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

NaBH4 (sodium borohydride)

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES is used for the reduction of carboxylic acid and its derivatives | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

LiAlH4 (lithium aluminum hydride)

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES sugar substitute for diabetics | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

Sorbitol

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES sweetening agent in “sugarless” gums | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

Xylitol

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES is found in the plant world in many berries, in cherries, plums, pears, apples, seaweed and algae | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

Sorbitol

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES It is about 60% as sweet as sucrose (table sugar) and is used in the manufacture of candies and as a sugar substitute for diabetics. | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

Sorbitol

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES These three alditols are also common in the biological world | REDUCTION TO ALDITOLS

- Erythritol - D-Mannitol - Xylitol | Note that only one of these is chiral.

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES C1 oxidized to COOH (carboxylic acid) | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

Aldonic acid

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES C6 can be oxidized to (COOH) carboxylic acid | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

Alduronic acid

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES In Aldolic acid: glucose to ________ | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

gluconic acid

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES conjugate base equivalent of gluconic acid | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

Gluconate

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES In Alduronic acid: glucose to _______ | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

glucuronic acid

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES conjugate base equivalent of glucuronic acid | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

glucuronate

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES C1 and C6 are both oxidized to (COOH) carboxylic acid | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

Aldaric acid

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES In Aldaric acid: glucose to ______ | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

glucaric acid

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES The aldehyde group of an aldose is oxidized under basic conditions to a ___________ | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

carboxylate anion

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES the oxidation product | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

Aldonic acid

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES A carbohydrate that reacts with an oxidizing agent to form an aldonic acid | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

Reducing sugar

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES it reduces the oxidizing agent | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

Reducing sugar

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES Example of a reducing sugar | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

2-Ketoses | (e.g. D-fructose)

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES The body uses ________to detoxify foreiign alcohols and phenols | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

glucuronic acid

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES These compounds are converted in the liver to glycosides of glucuronic acid and then excreted in the urine. | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

alcohols and phenols

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES The intravenous anesthetic _______ is converted to the following water-soluble glucuronide and excreted. | OXIDATION TO ALDONIC ACIDS

Propofol

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES Enzyme catalyzed oxidation of the primary alcohol at carbon 6 of a carbohydrate yields to a uronic acid

OXIDATION TO URONIC ACID

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES serves as an important component of the acidic polysaccharides of connective tissues and is also used to detoxify foreign phenols and alcohols | OXIDATION TO URONIC ACID

D-Glucuronic acid

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES Mono- and diphosphoric acids are important intermediates in the metabolism of monosaccharides

FORMATION OF PHOSPHORIC ESTERS

# CHARACTERISTIC REACTIONS OF MONOSACCHARIDES Enzyme catalyzed __________ | FORMATION OF PHOSPHORIC ESTERS

phosphorylation

# DISACCHARIDES Table sugar, obtained from the juice of sugar cane and sugar beet

Sucrose

Condensation products of two monosaccharide units

Dissacharide

condensation product of 3-10 monosaccharide units (maltotriose)

Oligsaccharide

condenstation products of more than 10 monosaccharide units (starch and glycogen)

Polysaccharide

# DISACCHARIDES The components of sucrose is attached via | SUCROSE

α-1,2-Glycosidic bond

# DISACCHARIDES is an enzyme that can cut the alpha 1 beta 2 bond (hydrolysis) | SUCROSE

Sucrase

# DISACCHARIDES Components of Sucrose: | SUCROSE

- glucose in the pyranose form - fructose in the furanose form

# DISACCHARIDES Taste buds need to have the exact _______ of sugar, or else you won’t have the exact taste | SUCROSE

configuration

# DISACCHARIDES A non-reducing sugar

SUCROSE

# DISACCHARIDES Most abundant disaccharide in the biological world

SUCROSE

# DISACCHARIDES The principle sugar present in milk

LACTOSE

# DISACCHARIDES Components of lactose:

- galactose in beta anomeric form - glucose in beta anomeric form

# DISACCHARIDES About ______ in human milk, ___ in cow’s milk | LACTOSE

- 5-8% - 4-5%

# DISACCHARIDES The components of lactose is attached via | LACTOSE

β-1,4-Glycosidic bond

# DISACCHARIDES A reducing sugar

- LACTOSE - MALTOSE

# DISACCHARIDES From malt, the juice sprouted barley and other cereal grains

MALTOSE

# DISACCHARIDES Also appears in the degradation of starch

MALTOSE

# DISACCHARIDES when hydrolyzing starch you form ______, then you form maltose | MALTOSE

dextrins

# DISACCHARIDES Components of maltose:

- Glucose in the alpha form - second glucose in the beta form

# DISACCHARIDES Components of maltose are attached via:

α-1,4-Glycosidic bond

# DISACCHARIDES is an enzyme in the intestines that cut the α-1,4-Glycosidic bond | MALTOSE

Maltase

A carbohydrate consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

Polysaccharides

# POLYSACCHARIDES a polymer of D-Glucose

Starch

# POLYSACCHARIDES composed of unbranched chains up to 4000 D-Glucose units | STARCH

Amylose

# POLYSACCHARIDES contains chains up to 10,000 D-glucose units

Amylopectin

# POLYSACCHARIDES Starch can be separated into ________ and ________

Amylose and Amylopectin

# POLYSACCHARIDES Amylose is s joined by:

α-1,4-glycosidic bonds

# POLYSACCHARIDES Amylopectin is joined by:

- α-1,4-glycosidic bonds - α-1,6-glycosidic bonds (At branch points, new chains of 24 to 30 units are started)

# POLYSACCHARIDES 8-12 residues w/ branches

Glycogen

# POLYSACCHARIDES 10 residues

Starch

# POLYSACCHARIDES Used for energy storage in plants

Starch

# POLYSACCHARIDES is the energy-reserve carbohydrate for animals

Glycogen

# POLYSACCHARIDES is a branched polysaccharide of approximately 10^6 glucose units

GLYCOGEN

# POLYSACCHARIDES Glycogen is joined by:

α-1,4- and α-1,6-glycosidic bond

# POLYSACCHARIDES is a linear polysaccharide of D-glucose units

CELLULOSE

# POLYSACCHARIDES The total amount of glycogen in the body of a well-nourished adult human is about ____, dvided almost equally between liver and muscle..

350g

# POLYSACCHARIDES CELLULOSE is joined by:

β-1,4-glycosidic bonds

# POLYSACCHARIDES It has an average molecular weight of _________, corresponding to approximately ______ glucose units per molecule | Cellulose

- 400,000 g/mol - 2200

# POLYSACCHARIDES Cellulose molecules act like stiff ___ and align themselves side by side into well-organized water-insoluble fibers in which their -OH groups form numerous intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

rods

# POLYSACCHARIDES the reason why cellulose is insoluble in water.

arrangement of parallel chains in bundles

# POLYSACCHARIDES found in hard parts of vegetables (stalk, stems) and we cannot digest this because our enzyme for digesting glycosidic bonds are all ______ and cellulose is made from a β-1,4-Glycosidic bond

α-amylases

# POLYSACCHARIDES This arrangement of parallel chains in bundles gives cellulose fibers their high _________.

mechanical strength

# POLYSACCHARIDES enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of β-glycosidic bonds

β-glycosidases

# POLYSACCHARIDES Humans have only _____ (like α-amylases); hence, the polysaccharides we use as sources of glucose are starch and glycogen

α-glucosidases

# POLYSACCHARIDES Termites have such _____ in their intestines and can use wood as their principal food.

bacteria

# POLYSACCHARIDES _______ (cud-chewing animals) and horses can also digest grasses and hay.

Ruminants

# POLYSACCHARIDES A group of polysaccharides that contain _________ and/or ______________, and play important roles in the structure and function of connective tissues. | ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES

carboxyl groups and/or sulfuric ester groups

# POLYSACCHARIDES Most connective tissues are made up of _______, a structural protein, in combination with a variety of acidic polysaccharides.

collagen

# POLYSACCHARIDES The more current name for these substances is __________ because they contain amino sugars | ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES

glycosaminoglycan

# POLYSACCHARIDES is synthesized and stored in mast cells of various tissues, particularly the liver, lungs, and gut | ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES

Heparin

# POLYSACCHARIDES The best known and understood of its biological functions is its anticoagulant activity

Heparin

# POLYSACCHARIDES Heparin Ibinds strongly to ________, a plasma protein involved in terminating the clotting process

antithrombin III

# POLYSACCHARIDES heparin structural unit is a ________ with sulfates and carboxylates that is why it is highly acidic

pentasaccharide

# POLYSACCHARIDES Simplest acidic polysaccharide present in connective tissues

Hyaluronic Acid

# POLYSACCHARIDES Composed of D-glucuronic acid joined by beta-1,3-glycosidic bond to N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, which is in turn linked to D-glucuronic acid by beta-1,4-glycosidic bond

Hyaluronic Acid