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biochem lec > cell > Flashcards

cell Flashcards

1
Q

It is a multidisciplinary science that explores the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for the changes occurring in living cells.

A

biochemistry

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2
Q

One important characteristic of living organisms is that they respond to what?

A

Stimuli

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3
Q

changes in the environment

A

stimuli

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4
Q

Biochemistry is study of life at the _______?

A

molecular level

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5
Q

basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.It is highly organized; a constant energy source is required to maintain a cell’s ordered state.

A

cells

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6
Q

What are biochemical reactions?

A

■ Glycolysis
■ Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
■ Glycogen metabolism
■ Gluconeogenesis
■ Ketogenesis

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6
Q

Types of biomolecules in organisms.

A

Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids

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6
Q

Biomolecules that support growth

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino Acids

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8
Q

They are involved in the genetic information and gene expression in the central dogma of biomolecules.

A

Nucleotides (Nucleic Acids)

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9
Q

Support energy requirements for
the cell

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

The instructions for growth development and reproduction are encoded in each organism’s __________

A

Nucleic acid

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11
Q

“before the nucleus”

A

Prokaryote

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12
Q

Prokaryotes are _________ organisms

A

single-celled

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13
Q

“true nucleus”

A

Eukaryotes

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14
Q

Contain a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane

A

Eukaryotes

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15
Q

Can be __________ such as yeasts and Paramecium, or _________ such as animals and
plants.

A

single-celled
multicellular

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16
Q

Cell component present in both but more prominent in the Prokaryotic Cell

A

cell wall

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17
Q

extensions of the cell wall - tiny appendages used for anchorage and locomotion.

A

Pili and flagella

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18
Q

protects against mechanism and hypertonic stress.

A

Cell wall

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19
Q

The pili and flagella are made up of _______ cross-linked
by proteins coated with lipopolysaccharide.

A

polysaccharide chains

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20
Q

assists in the movement

A

Flagellum

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21
Q

assists in sexual conjugation.

A

Pili

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22
Q

Consists of 40% lipid and 60% protein, and
some carbohydrates

A

Cell Membrane

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23
Q

Quality of cell membrane that allows the entry and exit of nutrients, waste products, and ions.
and play an important role in DNA
replication.

A

Semi-permeable

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24
Q

Consists the genome of an organism, the storage of genetic information, and the site of DNA replication.

A

Nucleoid Region

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25
Q

The Nucleoid Region contains the __________ material which is a complex of chromosomal DNA and histone.

A

Chromatin

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26
Q

Complexes of 65% RNA and 35% Protein
Site of Protein Synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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27
Q

Serves as the storage of nutrients and fuel
molecules for energy metabolism.

A

Vacuole

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28
Q

Contains the small molecules, soluble proteins, enzymes, nutrients, inorganic salts dissolved in aqueous solution.
Region where several metabolic reactions occur.

A

Cytoplasm

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29
Q

Flat single membrane vesicle of lipid and
protein.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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30
Q

Flattened vesicles of lipid protein and polysaccharide.

A

Golgi apparatus

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31
Q

considered to be the ancestors of eukaryotic cells.

A

Prokaryotes

32
Q

There are two major divisions of prokaryotes:

A

Archaebacteria (ancient class) and Eubacteria (true
bacteria).

33
Q

the most studied prokaryote.

A

Escherichia coli

34
Q

There are 2 definite membranes in a bacterial cell

A

the cell wall and the plasma membrane

35
Q

Interior of the cell consists of

A

cytoplasm (watery portion) and nucleoid region.

36
Q

s a single circular molecule of naked DNA.

A

bacterial chromosome

37
Q

Type of cell that is Structurally more complex presence of nucleus

A

EUKARYOTIC CELL

38
Q

Possess a
number of separate chromosomes

A

Nucleus

39
Q

Diverse structures of eukaryotic cells

A

○ Membrane-bound organelles
○ Cytoplasmic membranes
○ Other structures that lack surrounding
membranes

40
Q

Provides the shape of the cell
A region where many metabolic
reactions occur like Glycolysis.

A

Cytoplasm

41
Q

What’s inside of the cytoplasm

A

■ Organelles
■ Cytoskeletal elements
■ Cytosol

42
Q

It is a thin film of lipid and protein molecules held
together by noncovalent interactions

A

CELL MEMBRANE

43
Q

Define and compartmentalize the cell

A

CELL MEMBRANE

44
Q

Serve as scaffold for biochemical activities

A

CELL MEMBRANE

45
Q

Provide selectively permeable barrier

A

CELL MEMBRANE

46
Q

Provide means of transporting solutes

A

CELL MEMBRANE

47
Q

Play a role in cell-to-cell communication and
detection of external signals

A

CELL MEMBRANE

48
Q

Processes involved: DNA replication, transcription
and RNA processing.

A

NUCLEUS

49
Q

It serves both as a repository of genetic information
and as the cell’s control center.

A

NUCLEUS

49
Q

It is the principal feature that distinguishes eukaryotic
from prokaryotic cells.

A

NUCLEUS

50
Q

It plays a critical role in the generation of useful
energy (ATP) derived from the breakdown of lipids
and carbohydrates.

A

MITOCHONDRION

51
Q

It contains their own DNA encoding for tRNA, rRNA,
and some mitochondrial proteins

A

MITOCHONDRION

52
Q

Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on _________

A

free ribosomes

53
Q

Can harness solar energy to convert CO2 & H2O into
carbohydrates; photosynthetic generation of ATP

A

CHLOROPLAST

54
Q

They synthesize their own amino acids, fatty acids,
and lipid components of their own membranes.

A

CHLOROPLAST

55
Q

Reduction of ________ also occurs in chloroplast

A

NO2- to NH3

56
Q

It is a network of membrane-enclosed tubules and
sacs that extends from the nuclear membrane
throughout the cytoplasm. It is the largest organelle in the cell.

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

57
Q

Consists of flattened sheets that are continuous to the outer nuclear membrane.

A

Rough ER

58
Q

The rough ER is characterized by the presence of __________ on the cytosolic side of the membrane.

A

ribosomes

59
Q

It is tubular in shape. It is involved in lipid metabolism

A

Smooth ER

60
Q

Smooth ER is involved in several cellular
processes:

A

■ drug detoxification
■ carbohydrate metabolism
■ synthesis of neutral fats,
phospholipids and steroids.

61
Q

It consists of a series of flattened, membranous sacs
(cisternae) involved in modifying, sorting, and
packaging of macromolecules for secretion or for
export to other organelles.

A

GOLGI COMPLEX

62
Q

The GOLGI COMPLEX is formed by the fusion of ________ that bud off the ER.

A

vesicles

63
Q

It is a membrane-enclosed organelle that functions to
degrade materials taken into the cell and to digest
worn out or unnecessary cell components. Commonly present in animals.

A

LYSOSOME

64
Q

The lysosome contains about 50 different ________ that
can break down macromolecules.

A

hydrolytic enzymes

65
Q

The lysosome is involved in metabolism of materials ingested through ________

A

endocytosis

66
Q

It is a small, membrane-enclosed organelle that
contains enzymes in a variety of metabolic reactions.

A

PEROXISOME

67
Q

The peroxisome is involve in production and decomposition of ________

A

H2O2

68
Q

The peroxisome is involve in the oxidative reactions of:

A

uric acid
amino acids
fatty acids.

69
Q

The peroxisome is involve in synthesis of ________, ________, and ________ in
specialized cells.

A

cholesterol, dolichol, and bile acids

70
Q

In plants, __________ and __________ occurs in the peroxisome.

A

glyoxylate cycle and photorespiration

71
Q

It is a complex network of protein filaments extending
throughout the cytoplasm.

A

CYTOSKELETON

72
Q

It determines the cell’s shape and internal
organization; responsible for the movement of the
cell.

A

CYTOSKELETON

73
Q

Three principal types of cytoskeleton:

A

○ Microfilaments
○ Intermediate filaments
○ Microtubules

74
Q

It is also called the microtubule organizing
center.

A

Centrosome

75
Q

Centrosome function is to aid _________

A

cellular division.

76
Q

It functions as storage depots for nutrients,
wastes, and specialized materials such as
pigments.

A

Vacuole

77
Q

serve as informational molecules that carry instructions for the direction and control of biological processes

A

DNA, RNA, proteins, and some carbohydrates

78
Q

Genetic information in DNA flows through the
sequence of:

A

DNA -> RNA -> Proteins -> Cellular Processes

biochem lec (10 decks)

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