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cell Flashcards

1
Q

It is a multidisciplinary science that explores the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for the changes occurring in living cells.

A

biochemistry

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2
Q

One important characteristic of living organisms is that they respond to what?

A

Stimuli

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3
Q

changes in the environment

A

stimuli

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4
Q

Biochemistry is study of life at the _______?

A

molecular level

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5
Q

basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.It is highly organized; a constant energy source is required to maintain a cell’s ordered state.

A

cells

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6
Q

What are biochemical reactions?

A

■ Glycolysis
■ Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
■ Glycogen metabolism
■ Gluconeogenesis
■ Ketogenesis

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6
Q

Types of biomolecules in organisms.

A

Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids

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6
Q

Biomolecules that support growth

A

Proteins

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7
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino Acids

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8
Q

They are involved in the genetic information and gene expression in the central dogma of biomolecules.

A

Nucleotides (Nucleic Acids)

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9
Q

Support energy requirements for
the cell

A

Carbohydrates

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10
Q

The instructions for growth development and reproduction are encoded in each organism’s __________

A

Nucleic acid

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11
Q

“before the nucleus”

A

Prokaryote

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12
Q

Prokaryotes are _________ organisms

A

single-celled

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13
Q

“true nucleus”

A

Eukaryotes

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14
Q

Contain a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane

A

Eukaryotes

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15
Q

Can be __________ such as yeasts and Paramecium, or _________ such as animals and
plants.

A

single-celled
multicellular

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16
Q

Cell component present in both but more prominent in the Prokaryotic Cell

A

cell wall

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17
Q

extensions of the cell wall - tiny appendages used for anchorage and locomotion.

A

Pili and flagella

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18
Q

protects against mechanism and hypertonic stress.

A

Cell wall

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19
Q

The pili and flagella are made up of _______ cross-linked
by proteins coated with lipopolysaccharide.

A

polysaccharide chains

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20
Q

assists in the movement

A

Flagellum

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21
Q

assists in sexual conjugation.

A

Pili

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22
Q

Consists of 40% lipid and 60% protein, and
some carbohydrates

A

Cell Membrane

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23
Quality of cell membrane that allows the entry and exit of nutrients, waste products, and ions. and play an important role in DNA replication.
Semi-permeable
24
Consists the genome of an organism, the storage of genetic information, and the site of DNA replication.
Nucleoid Region
25
The Nucleoid Region contains the __________ material which is a complex of chromosomal DNA and histone.
Chromatin
26
Complexes of 65% RNA and 35% Protein Site of Protein Synthesis
Ribosomes
27
Serves as the storage of nutrients and fuel molecules for energy metabolism.
Vacuole
28
Contains the small molecules, soluble proteins, enzymes, nutrients, inorganic salts dissolved in aqueous solution. Region where several metabolic reactions occur.
Cytoplasm
29
Flat single membrane vesicle of lipid and protein.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
30
Flattened vesicles of lipid protein and polysaccharide.
Golgi apparatus
31
considered to be the ancestors of eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes
32
There are two major divisions of prokaryotes:
Archaebacteria (ancient class) and Eubacteria (true bacteria).
33
the most studied prokaryote.
Escherichia coli
34
There are 2 definite membranes in a bacterial cell
the cell wall and the plasma membrane
35
Interior of the cell consists of
cytoplasm (watery portion) and nucleoid region.
36
s a single circular molecule of naked DNA.
bacterial chromosome
37
Type of cell that is Structurally more complex presence of nucleus
EUKARYOTIC CELL
38
Possess a number of separate chromosomes
Nucleus
39
Diverse structures of eukaryotic cells
○ Membrane-bound organelles ○ Cytoplasmic membranes ○ Other structures that lack surrounding membranes
40
Provides the shape of the cell A region where many metabolic reactions occur like Glycolysis.
Cytoplasm
41
What's inside of the cytoplasm
■ Organelles ■ Cytoskeletal elements ■ Cytosol
42
It is a thin film of lipid and protein molecules held together by noncovalent interactions
CELL MEMBRANE
43
Define and compartmentalize the cell
CELL MEMBRANE
44
Serve as scaffold for biochemical activities
CELL MEMBRANE
45
Provide selectively permeable barrier
CELL MEMBRANE
46
Provide means of transporting solutes
CELL MEMBRANE
47
Play a role in cell-to-cell communication and detection of external signals
CELL MEMBRANE
48
Processes involved: DNA replication, transcription and RNA processing.
NUCLEUS
49
It serves both as a repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center.
NUCLEUS
49
It is the principal feature that distinguishes eukaryotic from prokaryotic cells.
NUCLEUS
50
It plays a critical role in the generation of useful energy (ATP) derived from the breakdown of lipids and carbohydrates.
MITOCHONDRION
51
It contains their own DNA encoding for tRNA, rRNA, and some mitochondrial proteins
MITOCHONDRION
52
Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on _________
free ribosomes
53
Can harness solar energy to convert CO2 & H2O into carbohydrates; photosynthetic generation of ATP
CHLOROPLAST
54
They synthesize their own amino acids, fatty acids, and lipid components of their own membranes.
CHLOROPLAST
55
Reduction of ________ also occurs in chloroplast
NO2- to NH3
56
It is a network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm. It is the largest organelle in the cell.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
57
Consists of flattened sheets that are continuous to the outer nuclear membrane.
Rough ER
58
The rough ER is characterized by the presence of __________ on the cytosolic side of the membrane.
ribosomes
59
It is tubular in shape. It is involved in lipid metabolism
Smooth ER
60
Smooth ER is involved in several cellular processes:
■ drug detoxification ■ carbohydrate metabolism ■ synthesis of neutral fats, phospholipids and steroids.
61
It consists of a series of flattened, membranous sacs (cisternae) involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging of macromolecules for secretion or for export to other organelles.
GOLGI COMPLEX
62
The GOLGI COMPLEX is formed by the fusion of ________ that bud off the ER.
vesicles
63
It is a membrane-enclosed organelle that functions to degrade materials taken into the cell and to digest worn out or unnecessary cell components. Commonly present in animals.
LYSOSOME
64
The lysosome contains about 50 different ________ that can break down macromolecules.
hydrolytic enzymes
65
The lysosome is involved in metabolism of materials ingested through ________
endocytosis
66
It is a small, membrane-enclosed organelle that contains enzymes in a variety of metabolic reactions.
PEROXISOME
67
The peroxisome is involve in production and decomposition of ________
H2O2
68
The peroxisome is involve in the oxidative reactions of:
uric acid amino acids fatty acids.
69
The peroxisome is involve in synthesis of ________, ________, and ________ in specialized cells.
cholesterol, dolichol, and bile acids
70
In plants, __________ and __________ occurs in the peroxisome.
glyoxylate cycle and photorespiration
71
It is a complex network of protein filaments extending throughout the cytoplasm.
CYTOSKELETON
72
It determines the cell's shape and internal organization; responsible for the movement of the cell.
CYTOSKELETON
73
Three principal types of cytoskeleton:
○ Microfilaments ○ Intermediate filaments ○ Microtubules
74
It is also called the microtubule organizing center.
Centrosome
75
Centrosome function is to aid _________
cellular division.
76
It functions as storage depots for nutrients, wastes, and specialized materials such as pigments.
Vacuole
77
serve as informational molecules that carry instructions for the direction and control of biological processes
DNA, RNA, proteins, and some carbohydrates
78
Genetic information in DNA flows through the sequence of:
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins -> Cellular Processes

biochem lec (10 decks)

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