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biochem lec > Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Heredity > Flashcards

Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

is the transfer of characteristics, anatomical as well as biochemical, from generation to generation.

A

Heredity

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2
Q

From the end of the 19th century, biologists suspected that the transmission of hereditary information took place in the ______________, more specifically in structures called ___________

A
  • nucleus
  • chromosomes
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3
Q

The information that determines external characteristics (red hair,
blue eyes) and internal characteristics (blood group, hereditary diseases)
was thought to reside in ______ located inside the chromosomes.

A

genes

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4
Q

Chemical analysis of nuclei showed chromosomes are made up largely of proteins called _______ and ______

A
  • histones
  • Nucleic acids
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5
Q

By the 1940s, it became clear that ___________ carry the hereditary information.

A

deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)

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6
Q

Who discovered that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries the hereditary information

A

Oswald Avery

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7
Q

Where are genes located?

A

DNA

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8
Q

not all genes lead to the
production of protein, but all genes do lead to the production of what another type of nucleic acid?

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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9
Q

Other work in the 1940s demonstrated that each gene
controls the manufacture of _________

A

one protein

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10
Q

Two kinds of nucleic acids are found in cells:

A
  • ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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11
Q

The expression of a gene in terms of an enzyme
protein led to the study of __________ and its control.

A

protein synthesis

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12
Q

Nucleic Acid present in the chromosomes of the nuclei of eukaryotic cells

A

DNA

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13
Q

Nucleic acid that is not found in the chromosomes, but rather,
is located elsewhere in the nucleus and even outside the nucleus, in the cytoplasm

A

RNA

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14
Q

Both RNA and DNA are polymers built from monomers
called _________

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

A nucleotide is composed of:

A

A base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate

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16
Q

The bases of found in DNA and RNA are ___________________

A

heterocyclic aromatic amines

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17
Q

Two kinds of bases found in DNA and RNA

A
  • Purines
  • Pyrimidines
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18
Q

Purine bases:

A
  • adenine (A)
  • guanine (G)
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19
Q

Pyrimidine bases:

A
  • cytosine (C)
  • thymine (T)
  • uracil (U)
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20
Q

Base that can only be found in RNA

A

Uracil

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21
Q

Base that can only be found in DNA

A

Thymine

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22
Q

The sugar component of RNA

A

D-ribose

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23
Q

The combination of sugar and base

A

nucleoside

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23
Q

The sugar component of DNA

A

2-deoxy-D-ribose

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24
Q

A compound that consists of D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose bonded to a purine or pyrimidine base by a B-N-glycosidic bond.

A

Nucleoside

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25
Q

In a nucleoside, The purine bases are linked to ____ of the monosaccharide through ___

A
  • C-1
  • N-9
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26
Q

What do you call the bond that links the sugar and base in nucleosides

A

B-N-glycosidic bond

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27
Q

The nucleoside made of adenine and ribose

A

adenosine

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28
Q

In nucleosides, The pyrimidine bases are linked to ____ of the monosaccharide through
their ___

A
  • C-1
  • N-1
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29
Q

When a phosphoric acid
forms a phosphate ester bond with a nucleoside

A

nucleotide

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30
Q

A nucleoside in which a molecule of phosphoric acid is esterified with an -OH of the monosaccharide, most commonly either at the 3’or the 5’-OH.

A

Nucleotide

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31
Q

serves as a common currency into which the energy gained from food is converted and stored

A

adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP)

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32
Q

A chain of nucleotides

A

nucleic acid

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32
Q

Nucleic acids can be divided into two parts:

Primary Structure

A
  • the backbone of the molecule
  • the bases that are the side-chain groups
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33
Q

Their primary structure is the _________ of nucleotides.

Primary Structure

A

sequence

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34
Q

The backbone in DNA consists
of alternating ________ and _________

Primary Structure

A
  • deoxyribose
  • phosphate groups
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35
Q

Each phosphate group is
linked to the ________ of one deoxyribose unit and simultaneously to the
_______ of the next deoxyribose unit

Primary Structure

A
  • 3’ carbon
  • 5’ carbon
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36
Q

each monosaccharide unit forms a phosphate ester at the ________ and another at the _______.

Primary Structure

A
  • 3’ position
  • 5’ position
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37
Q

For nucleic acids, primary structure is the sequence of
nucleotides, beginning with the nucleotide that has the ___________

Primary Structure

A

free 5’ terminus

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38
Q

How do you read the primary structure of DNA strand

Primary Structure

A

The strand is read from the 5’ end to the 3’ end.

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39
Q

provides structural stability for the DNA and RNA molecules.

Primary Structure

A

backbone

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40
Q

, Erwin Chargaff (1905–2002) showed that:

Primary Structure

A

In terms in quantity in moles:
- adenine = thymine
- guanine = cytosine

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41
Q

who established the
three-dimensional structure of DNA?

Secondary Structure

A

James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)

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42
Q

Watson and Crick concluded that DNA is composed of two strands entwined around each other in a __________

Secondary Structure

A

double helix

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43
Q

The ordered arrangement of nucleic
acid strands.

Secondary Structure

A

Secondary structure

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43
Q

A type of 2° structure of DNA in which two polynucleotide strands are coiled around each other in a screw-like fashion.

Secondary Structure

A

Double helix

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44
Q

In the DNA double helix, the two polynucleotide chains run in opposite directions (which is called _____________)

Secondary Structure

A

antiparallel

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45
Q

at each end of the double helix, there is one ____ and one ____ terminus.

Secondary Structure

A
  • 5’-OH
  • 3’-OH
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46
Q

The sugar–phosphate backbone is on the _______, exposed to the aqueous environment, and the bases point ______-.

Secondary Structure

A
  • outside
  • inward
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47
Q

The bases are ________, so they try to avoid contact with water

Secondary Structure

A

hydrophobic

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48
Q

For each adenine on one chain, a thymine is aligned opposite it on the other chain;each guanine on one chain has a cytosine aligned with it on the other chain

Secondary Structure

A

Chargaff’s rule

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49
Q

A-T and G-C are called?

Secondary Structure

A

complementary base pairs.

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50
Q

The bases are paired according to ___________

A

Chargaff’s rule

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51
Q

A and T pair by forming
____________. G and C
pair by forming _________.

Secondary Structure

A
  • two hydrogen bonds
  • three hydrogen bonds
52
Q

It is the most common and most stable form of DNA

Secondary Structure

A

B-DNA

53
Q

With B-DNA, a distinguishing feature is the presence of a _________ and a ________, which arise because the two strands are not equally spaced around the helix

Secondary Structure

A
  • major groove
  • minor groove
54
Q

If a human DNA molecule were fully stretched out, its length would be perhaps ___

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A

1 meter

55
Q

the DNA molecules in the nuclei are not stretched out, but rather, coiled around basic protein molecules called?

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A

histones

56
Q

The histones comprise five main types:

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A

H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4

57
Q

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

Histones contain large numbers of basic amino acid residues, such as _______ and ________.

A
  • lysine
  • arginine
58
Q

The negatively-charged DNA molecules and positively-charged histones attract one another and form units called?

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A

nucleosomes

59
Q

The acidic DNA and the basic histones attract each other by
__________, combining to form units called nucleosomes.

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A

electrostatic (ionic) forces

60
Q

In a nucleosome, ________ form a core, around which a 147-base-pair DNA double helix is wound.

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A

eight histone molecules

61
Q

Nucleosomes are further condensed into ________

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A

chromatin

62
Q

Nucleosomes are further condensed into chromatin where a 30-nm-wide fiber forms in which nucleosomes are wound in a ____________ fashion

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A

solenoid

63
Q

Solenoids have ___________ per turn

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A

six nucleosomes

64
Q

Chromatin fibers are organized into loops, and the
loops into the bands that provide the superstructure of __________.

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A

chromosomes

65
Q

Superstructures of chromosomes:

Higher-Order Structures of DNA

A
  1. DNA double helix
  2. Nucleosome
  3. “Beads on a string” chromatin form
  4. Solenoid (six nucleosomes per turn)
  5. Loops (50 turns per loop)
  6. Miniband (18 loops)
  7. Chromosome (stacked minibands)
66
Q

Transports amino acids to site of protein
synthesis

Types of RNA

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

67
Q

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis

Types of RNA

A

Ribosomal RNA
(rRNA)

68
Q

Directs amino sequence of proteins.

Types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
(mRNA)

69
Q

Processes intitial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes.

Types of RNA

A

Small nuclear RNA
(snRNA)

70
Q

Affects gene expression; important in growth and development

Types of RNA

A

Micro RNA (miRNA)

70
Q

Affects gene expression; used by scientists to knock out a gene being studied

Types of RNA

A

Small interfering
RNA (siRNA)

71
Q

Types of RNA that are small in terms of size:

Types of RNA

A
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
  • Micro RNA (miRNA)
  • Small interfering RNA (siRNA)
  • Piwi-associated RNA (piRNA)
72
Q

Types of RNA that are variable in terms of size:

Types of RNA

A
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)
  • Circular RNA
72
Q

mRNA molecules are produced in the process called _________

Types of RNA

A

transcription

73
Q

mRNA molecules carry the __________ from the DNA in the nucleus directly to the cytoplasm, where most of the protein is synthesized.

Types of RNA

A

genetic information

74
Q

Messenger RNA consists of a chain of nucleotides whose sequence is exactly ____________ to that of one of the strands of the DNA.

Types of RNA

A

complementary

75
Q

The size of mRNA varies widely, with the average unit
containing perhaps _____ nucleotides.

Types of RNA

A

750

76
Q

Containing from ________ nucleotides per chain, tRNAs are relatively small molecules

Types of RNA

A

73 to 93

77
Q

The three-dimensional tRNA molecules are ___________, but they are conventionally represented as a cloverleaf in two dimensions.

Types of RNA

A

L-shaped

77
Q

Process where the sequence of bases in DNA is recorded as a sequence of complementary bases in a singlestranded mRNA molecule.

Types of RNA

A

Transcription

78
Q

Three-base codons on the mRNA
corresponding to specific amino acids direct the sequence of building a protein. These codons are recognized by tRNAs (transfer RNAs) carrying the
appropriate amino acids. Ribosomes are the “machinery” for protein synthesis.

Types of RNA

A

Translation

79
Q

What are ribosomes consist of?

Types of RNA

A

35% protein and 65% ribosomal RNA

80
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

Types of RNA

A

Ribosomes

81
Q

Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA) is complexed with proteins to form what?

Types of RNA

A

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles, snRNPs

82
Q

Their function is splicing

Types of RNA

A

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles, snRNPs

83
Q

Processing of the initial mRNA transcribed from DNA into a mature form that is ready for export out of the nucleus.

Types of RNA

A

splicing

84
Q

They play important roles in cancer, stress responses, and viral infections

Types of RNA

A

Micro RNA (miRNA)

85
Q

They inhibit translation of mRNA into protein and promote the degradation of mRNA.

Types of RNA

A

Micro RNA (miRNA)

86
Q

Short stretches of RNA (20–30 nucleotides long), called ____________, have been found to have an enormous control over
gene expression.

Types of RNA

A

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

86
Q

degrade specific mRNA molecules to control gene activity

Types of RNA

A

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

87
Q

Involved in activating or silencing specific genes

Types of RNA

A

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)

87
Q

Protect animal genomes against transposons

Types of RNA

A

Piwi-associated RNA (piRNA)

87
Q

Acts as miRNA sponge, controlling the effects of miRNA

Types of RNA

A

Circular RNA

87
Q

a stretch of DNA, containing a few hundred nucleotides, that carries one particular message

A

Genes

87
Q

A segment of DNA that carries a base sequence that directs the synthesis of a particular protein, tRNA, or mRNA.

A

Genes

88
Q

In bacteria, the gene is _________

Genes

A

continuous

89
Q

In higher organisms, the gene is ________

Genes

A

discontinuous

89
Q

A section of DNA that, when transcribed, codes for a protein or RNA.

Genes

A

Exon

90
Q

A section of DNA that does not code for anything functional.

Genes

A

Intron

91
Q

exons, short for

Genes

A

“expressed sequences”

91
Q

introns, short for

Genes

A

“intervening sequences”

92
Q

are DNA molecules in which short nucleotide sequences are repeated hundreds or thousands of times.

Genes

A

Satellites

93
Q

Smaller repetitive sequences, called _____________, are associated with cancer when they mutate.

A

mini-satellites or microsatellites

94
Q

Adenine (A)

Nucleotides in DNA

A

Deoxyadenosine 5’-monophosphate (dAMP)

95
Q

Guanine

Nucleotides in DNA

A

Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate (dGMP)

96
Q

Thymine

Nucleotides in DNA

A

Deoxythymidine 5’-monophosphate (dTMP)

97
Q

Cytosine

Nucleotides in DNA

A

Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate (dCMP)

98
Q

Adenine

Nucleotides in RNA

A

Adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP)

99
Q

Guanine

Nucleotides in RNA

A

Guanosine 5’-monophosphate (GMP)

100
Q

Uracil

Nucleotides in RNA

A

Uridine 5’-monophosphate (UMP)

101
Q

Cytosine

Nucleotides in RNA

A

Cytidine 5’-monophosphate (CMP)

102
Q

A complete polarity (antiparallel)
turn of the helix spans _____ base pairs

Secondary Structure

A

ten

103
Q

A complete polarity (antiparallel)
turn of the helix covers a distance of _________

Secondary Structure

A

34 Å (3.4 nm)

104
Q

The individual
base pairs are spaced __________ apart.

Secondary Structure

A

3.4 Å (0.34 nm)

104
Q

The
inside diameter of a double helix

Secondary Structure

A

11 Å (1.1 nm)

105
Q

the outside
diameter of a double helix

Secondary Structure

A

20 Å (2.0 nm)

106
Q

a form of a DNA double helix
characterized by having fewer residues per turn and major and minor grooves with dimensions that are more similar to each
other than those of B-DNA

Secondary Structure

A

A-DNA

107
Q

a form of DNA that is a left-handed helix, which has been seen to occur naturally under certain circumstances

Secondary Structure

A

Z-DNA

108
Q

interactions between bases that are next to each other in a DNA chain

Secondary Structure

A

base stacking

108
Q

extra twists (over and above
those of the double helix) in closed circular
DNA

Secondary Structure

A

supercoils

109
Q

circular DNA with
fewer than the normal number of turns of
the helix

Secondary Structure

A

negative supercoils

110
Q

circular DNA with more
than the normal number of turns of the
helix

Secondary Structure

A

positive supercoils

111
Q

enzymes that relax
supercoiling in closed circular DNA

Secondary Structure

A

topoisomerases

112
Q

cut the phosphodiester backbone of one strand of DNA, pass the other end through, and then reseal the backbone.

Secondary Structure

A

Class I
topoisomerases

113
Q

Secondary Structure

cut both strands of DNA, pass some of the remaining DNA helix between the cut ends, and then reseal.

A

Class II topoisomerases

114
Q

an enzyme that introduces supercoiling into closed circular DNA

Secondary Structure

A

DNA gyrase

115
Q

What class of topoisomerase is DNA gyrase

Secondary Structure

A

class II topoisomerase

115
Q

a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic nuclei

chromatin

A

chromatin

116
Q

basic proteins found complexed to
eukaryotic DNA

A

histones

117
Q

a globular structure in
chromatin in which DNA is wrapped around an aggregate of histone molecules

A

nucleosome

biochem lec (10 decks)

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