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A-Level Chemistry > Transition Metals > Flashcards

Transition Metals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of “d-block” elements?

A

High melting + boiling point

Conduct electricity + heat

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2
Q

What are coins made out of?

A

Cu
Ag
Zn
Ni

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3
Q

What is used for construction?

A

Fe

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4
Q

What is used for electrical cables?

A

Cu

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5
Q

What is used for aerospace + medical equipment?

A

Titanium

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6
Q

Why is titanium used for aerospace + medical equipment?

A

Very strong

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7
Q

What is a transition element?

A

A d-block element that forms at least one ion with an incomplete d sub-shell

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8
Q

What are the properties of transition metals?

A

Form coloured compounds
Elements + compounds act as catalysts
Form compounds where transition elements can have different oxidation states

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9
Q

Which two d-block elements aren’t transition elements?

A

Zn

Sc

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10
Q

When does a complex ion form?

A

When a ligand forms bonds with a central transition metal ion

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11
Q

What are examples of monodentate ligands?

A 
H2O
NH3
OH-
CN-
Cl-
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12
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A molecule of an ion that can donate a pair of electrons with the transition metal ion, to form a coordinate bond

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13
Q

What are example of neutral monodentate ligands?

A

H2O

NH3

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14
Q

Describe [Cu(H2O)6]2+

A 
Cu2+ = central ion
Ligands = H2O molecules
Coordination number = 6
6 coordinate bonds
2+ = H2O neutral
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15
Q

How do you name a complex ion?

A

Metal ion + oxidation state = last
Ligand name/number = first
Prefixes = di, tri, tetra, etc
Alphabetical = ligands

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16
Q

What does it mean if the ion is an anion?

A

Negative overall charge = suffix = ate

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17
Q

What is the name of [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]+ ?

A

Tetra aqua di chloro chromium (III) ion

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18
Q

What is the name of [Co(H2O)5Cl]+ ?

A

Penta aqua mono chloro cobalt (II) ion

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19
Q

What is the name of [Fe(CN)6]4- ?

A

Hexa cyano ferrate (II) ion

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20
Q

What is the anion name for Cu?

A

Cuprate

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21
Q

What is the anion name for Fe?

A

Ferrate

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22
Q

What is the anion name for vanadium?

A

Vanadate

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23
Q

What is the anion name for Cr?

A

Chromate

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24
Q

What is the anion name for Al?

A

Aluminate

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25
Q

What is the anion name for Co?

A

Cobaltate

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26
Q

What is the anion name for Zn?

A

Zincate

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27
Q

What is a heterogenous catalyst?

A

Different physical state

Surface for reaction

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28
Q

What is a homozygous catalyst?

A

Same physical state

Forms intermediate

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29
Q

What are the soluble metal hydroxides?

A

NaOH (aq)
KOH (aq)
NH4OH (aq)

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30
Q

What are most metal hydroxides?

A

Insoluble

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31
Q

What does Al3+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ all form?

A

White precipitates

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32
Q

What is the colour of Cu2+ solution?

A

Blue

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33
Q

What is the colour of Fe3+ solution?

A

Pale yellow

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34
Q

What is the colour of Fe2+ solution?

A

Pale green

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35
Q

What is the colour of Mn2+ solution?

A

Pale pink

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36
Q

What is the colour of Cr3+ solution?

A

Violet

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37
Q

What is observed when Cu2+ solution is added to NaOH?

A

Pale blue ppt

Insoluble in excess

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38
Q

What is observed when Fe3+ solution is added to NaOH?

A

Orange/brown ppt

Insoluble in excess

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39
Q

What is observed when Fe2+ solution is added to NaOH?

A

Dark green ppt
Surface layer turns brown when exposed to air
Insoluble in excess

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40
Q

What is observed when Mn2+ solution is added to NaOH?

A

Off-white precipitate
Turns brown in contact with air
Insoluble in excess

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41
Q

What is observed when Cr3+ solution is added to NaOH?

A

Grey-green ppt

Soluble in excess

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42
Q

What colour does it go when Cr3+ is soluble in excess NaOH?

A

Green solution

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43
Q

What is the equation for Cu2+ + NaOH?

A

Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) —-> Cu(OH)2 (s)

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44
Q

What is the equation for Fe3+ + NaOH?

A

Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) —-> Fe(OH)3 (s)

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45
Q

What is the equation for Fe2+ + NaOH?

A

Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) —-> Fe(OH)2 (s)

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46
Q

What is the equation for Mn2+ + NaOH?

A

Mn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) —-> Mn(OH)2 (s)

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47
Q

What is the equation for Cr3+ + NaOH?

A

Cr3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) —-> Cr(OH)3 (s)

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48
Q

What is the equation for Cr3+ + NaOH in excess?

A

Cr(OH)3 (s) + 3OH-(aq) —-> [Cr(OH)6]3-

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49
Q

Why does Fe2+ surface layer turn brown when exposed to air?

A

Oxidised to Fe3+

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50
Q

What is structural isomerism?

A

Molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formula

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51
Q

What is a geometric isomer?

A

Molecules with same structural + molecular formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms

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52
Q

What is an E isomer?

A

Trans isomer

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53
Q

What is a Z isomer?

A

Cis isomer

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54
Q

What is the spatial arrangement in a E (trans) isomer?

A

Either side

ACROSS

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55
Q

What is the spatial arrangement in a Z (cis) isomer?

A

Same side

TOGETHER

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56
Q

What does stereoisomerism depend on?

A

Type of ligands

No. of ligands

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57
Q

What do often 4 + 6 co-ordinate complex ions have?

A

2 different monodentate ligands

= cis-trans isomer

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58
Q

What do some 6 co-ordinate complex ions have?

A

Monodentate + bidentate ligands

= cis-trans + optical isomers

59
Q

What is the most common shape for a 4 co-ordinate complex?

A

Tetrahedral

60
Q

What is an example of a 4 co-ordinate complex with a tetrahedral shape?

A

[CuCl4]2-

[CoCl4]2-

61
Q

What shape do some 4 co-ordinate complexes form?

A

Square planar

62
Q

What is an example of a square planar 4 co-ordinate complex?

A

[Ni(NH3)2Cl2]

63
Q

When does square planar complexes form?

A

With 8 d-electrons in the d sub-shell

64
Q

Which transition elements can form square planar 4 co-ordinate complexes?

A

Pt(II)
Pd(II)
Au(III)
Ni(II)

65
Q

What can you see on a square planar 4 co-ordinate complex?

A

Cis-trans isomerism

66
Q

What does the square planar 4 co-ordinate complex have to look like for cis isomerism?

A

Cl to be on the same side

Next to each other

67
Q

What does the square planar 4 co-ordinate complex have to look like for trans isomerism?

A

Cl opposite each other

68
Q

What does cis-platin treat?

69
Q

What is cis-plantin’s formula?

A

[Pt(NH3)2Cl2]

Square planar

70
Q

What does cis-platin do?

A

Binds across DNA strand
Causes critical structure change
Stops cell replication
Leads to apoptosis

71
Q

What is a chiral centre?

A

A carbon with four different groups attached

72
Q

How do you identify a chiral centre?

A

Little star

73
Q

What do must amino acids have?

A

Chiral centre

74
Q

What are many drugs?

A

Optically active

75
Q

What does it mean drugs have enantiomers?

A

Often one can beneficial but other be harmful

76
Q

What was thalidomide given for?

A

Reduce effects of morning sickness

77
Q

What did thalidomide lead to?

A

Many babies born with disabilities and early deaths

78
Q

What is thalidomide used for now?

A

To treat HIV + leprosy

BUT just do pregnancy test first

79
Q

What is an example of a 6 co-ordinate complex?

80
Q

What must it look like for a 6 co-ordinate complex to be cis?

A

Cl next to each other

Shoulder to shoulder

81
Q

What must it look like for a 6 co-ordinate complex to be trans?

A

Cl opposite each other

82
Q

What does bidentate mean?

A

“two tooth” ligand

2 lone pairs

83
Q

What is an example of a bidentate ligand?

A

ethane - 1,2 - diamine

84
Q

How do you know if a molecule is an optical isomer?

A

Can’t superimpose it

85
Q

What is an example of a cis-trans bidentate ligand?

A

Ethanedioate ligand

C2O4 2-

86
Q

What must it look like for a bidentate ligand to be cis?

A

Next to each other

Shoulder to shoulder

87
Q

What must it look like for a bidentate ligand to be trans?

A

Opposite each other

88
Q

What will trans mirror image be and what does this mean?

A

Identical
= superimposable
=NOT isomers

89
Q

What will cis mirror image be and what does this mean?

A

NOT identical
= NOT superimposable
= optical isomer

90
Q

What are hexadentate ligands?

A

6 lone pairs = each form coordinate bond

1 EDTA ion reacts with 1 metal ion

91
Q

What is ligand substitution?

A

Addition of another ligand to a solution, containing the aqua transition metal ions = substitution reaction

92
Q

What happens in a ligand substitution reaction?

A

One or more ligands exchange
Observe colour change
Sometimes complex ion changes shape

93
Q

Why does a colour change happen in ligand substitution?

A

Gap between d orbital changes
= different wavelength of light absorbed
= different wavelength reflected

94
Q

What is observed when NH3 is added dropwise to [Cu(H2O)6]2+?

A

Pale blue ppt

95
Q

What is observed when NH3 is added in excess to [Cu(H2O)6]2+?

A

Ppt redissolves = deep blue solution

96
Q

What is observed when NH3 is added dropwise to [Cr(H2O)6]3+?

A

Green-grey ppt

97
Q

What is observed when NH3 is added in excess to [Cr(H2O)6]3+?

A

Ppt redissolves = purple solution

98
Q

What is observed when concentrated HCl is added dropwise to [Cu(H2O)6]2+?

A

Green solution - mix of yellow + blue

BUT if add more = yellow

99
Q

What is the colour of [Cu(H2O)6]2+ solution?

100
Q

What is the colour of [Cr(H2O)6]3+ solution?

101
Q

What is the equation when Cu2+ + NaOH?

A

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2OH-(aq) —-> [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + 2H2O (l)

102
Q

What is the equation when Cu2+ + NH3 dropwise?

A

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 2NH3(aq) —-> [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2] (s) + 2NH4+ (aq)

103
Q

What is the equation when Cu2+ + NH3 excess?

A

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4NH3(aq) —-> [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ (aq) + 4H2O(l)

104
Q

What is the equation when Cu2+ + conc HCl?

A

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4Cl- (aq) ⇌ [CuCl4]2- (aq) + 6H2O (l)

105
Q

What is the equation when Cr3+ + NH3 excess?

A

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ (aq) + 6NH3 (aq) —-> [Cr(NH3)6]3+ (aq) + 6H2O (l)

106
Q

What is the equation Co2+ + conc HCl?

A

[Co(H2O)6]2+ (aq) + 4Cl- ⇌ [Cocl4]2- (aq) + 6H2O (l)

107
Q

What colour is [Co(H2O)6]2+?

108
Q

[Cocl4]2-

109
Q

What is the colour of Ti3+?

110
Q

What is the colour of V2+?

111
Q

What is the colour of V3+?

112
Q

What is the colour of V4+?

113
Q

What is the colour of V5+?

114
Q

What is the colour of Cr2+?

115
Q

What is the colour of Cr3+?

116
Q

What is the colour of Cr6+?

117
Q

What is the colour of Mn2+?

118
Q

What is the colour of Mn4+?

119
Q

What is the colour of Mn6+?

120
Q

What is the colour of Mn7+?

121
Q

What is the colour of Fe2+?

A

Pale green

122
Q

What is the colour of Fe3+?

A

Yellow/orange

123
Q

What is the colour of Co2+?

124
Q

What is the colour of Co3+?

125
Q

What is the colour of Ni2+?

126
Q

What is the colour of Cu2+?

127
Q

If you don’t know the colour, what is it?

128
Q

What is H2O ligand called?

129
Q

What is NH3 ligand called?

130
Q

What is OH- ligand called?

131
Q

What is Cl- ligand called?

132
Q

What is CN- ligand called?

133
Q

What is NO2- ligand called?

134
Q

What is CO ligand called?

135
Q

What is EDTA ligand called?

136
Q

What compounds form a dative covalent bond with haemoglobin?

A

H2O
CO2
CO
O2

137
Q

Why is CO is bad to breath in?

A

When it attaches to a haem group it is irreversible

138
Q

What does a stability constant tell you?

A

How likely the formation of an ion is

139
Q

What does a greater stability ion value tell you?

A

The more stable the complex ion is

140
Q

What is Kstab?

A

The equilibrium constant for an equilibrium existing between aqueous transition ions and complex ions in a substitution reaction

141
Q

How do you set out a Kstab equation?

A

Exactly the same as Kc

142
Q

What does Kstab not include?

143
Q

Why does Kstab not include H2O?

A

The conc of H2O is left out since it is in great excess + conc is almost constant

A-Level Chemistry (26 decks)

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