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A-Level Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What do all organis compounds contain?

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What are the first four alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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3
Q

What is the homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds that have the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

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4
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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5
Q

What do functional groups determine?

A

The pattern of activity

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6
Q

What does the homologous series determine?

A

The physcial properties

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7
Q

What is aliphatic?

A

Carbon atoms arranged in chains (unbranched + branched)

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8
Q

What is alicyclic?

A

Carbon atoms arranged in ring structures

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9
Q

What is the stem name for 5,6,7,8,9,10 carbon atoms?

A 
Pent
Hex
Hept
Oct
Non
Dec
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10
Q

What is the common prefix Cl?

A

Chloro

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11
Q

What is the common prefix Br

A

Bromo

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12
Q

What is the common prefix I?

A

Iodo

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13
Q

What is the common prefix OH?

A

Hydroxy

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14
Q

What is the common prefix CH3?

A

Methyl

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15
Q

What is the common prefix C2H5?

A

Ethyl

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16
Q

What is the common prefix C3H8?

A

Propyl

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17
Q

What is the common prefix C4H10?

A

Butyl

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18
Q

What is molecular formula?

A

The actual no. and type of atoms in a compound

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19
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound

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20
Q

What is skeletal formula?

A

These show the carbon chains and the major functional groups (not including the H’s)

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21
Q

What is displayed formula?

A

Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them

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22
Q

What is structural formula?

A

Shows the arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, with the attachment hydrogens and functional groups

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23
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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24
Q

What is a sterioisomer/geometric isomer?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula, the same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms

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25
Q

What must a molecule ahve to be a sterio/geometric isomer?

A

Double carbon bond (non-rotating)

Each C must have 2 different groups attached

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26
Q

What type of isomer is it if the group are ACROSS from each other?

A

(trans) E

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27
Q

What type of isomer is it if the group is ADJACENT to each other?

A

(cis) Z

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28
Q

What is the Cohn-Ingold-Prelog name clature?

A

A more up to date system that gives priority to groups based on their atomic number

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29
Q

What does the higher atomic number mean?

A

The higher priority

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30
Q

What type of isomer is it when the 1 and 2 are across from each other? Cohn-Ingold-Prelog

A

E isomer

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31
Q

What type of isomer is it when the 1 and 2 are adjacent from each other? Cohn-Ingold-Prelog

A

Z isomer

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32
Q

What is homolytic fission?

A

When the covalent bond breaks, each atom receives one electron from the shared pair

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33
Q

What is heterolytic fission?

A

When the covalent bond breaks, one atom receives both electrons from the shared pair

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34
Q

What are radicals?

A

Very reactive molecules with single unpaired electrons

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35
Q

What does heterolytic fission form?

A

Ions

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36
Q

What are electrophiles?

A

A positive species which are able to accept a pair of electrons

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37
Q

What do electrophiles love?

A

Electrons

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38
Q

What is the symbol for a electrophile?

A

E+

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39
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

A negative species able to donate a pair of electrons

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40
Q

What do nucleophiles love?

A

Nuclei

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41
Q

What is the symbol for a nucleophile?

A

Nu-

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42
Q

What is an example of a electrophilic addition?

A

Adding Br to ethene (addition reaction)

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43
Q

What is an example of nucleophilic substitution?

A

Adding OH to am alkane with Br (substitution reaction)

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44
Q

What are alkanes mainly used as?

A

Fuels to release energy

45
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

46
Q

What type of hydrocarbons are alkanes?

A

Saturated

47
Q

What does the overlap of orbitals in alkanes lead to?

A

The formation of a sigma bond

48
Q

What type of rotation is round a sigma bond?

A

Free rotation

49
Q

What happens to the boiling point as you increase the chain length of alkanes?

A

It increases

50
Q

Why does the boiling point increase as the chain length increases?

A

SA of interaction between molecules increases
Size of London forces increase
More energy needed to disrupt stronger London forces
So higher boiling point

51
Q

What happens to the boiling point as the amount of branches increase?

A

It decreases

52
Q

Why does the boiling point decreases as the number of branches increase?

A

SA of interaction between molecules decrease
Size of London forces decrease
Less energy needed to disrupt weaker London forces
So lower boiling point

53
Q

Why are alkanes quite unreactive?

A

Since C-C + C-H bonds = strong
C-C bonds are non-polar
C-H bonds are virtually non-polar

54
Q

What is the equation for complete combustion?

A

Alkane + oxygen —–> energy + water + carbon dioxide

55
Q

What is the equation for incomplete combustion?

A

Alkane + oxygen —–> less energy + water + carbon monoxide

56
Q

What order do you balance combustion equations?

A

C then H then O

57
Q

What are the conditions needed for free radical substitution?

A

UV light

Halogen molecule

58
Q

What is free radical substitution?

A

Homolytic fission

59
Q

What are the three stages of free radical substitution?

A

Initiation
Propagation
Termination

60
Q

What is the general formula for free radical substitution?

A

I - X2 = x. + x.
P - CaHb + x. = .CaHb-1 + Hx
CaHb-1. + X2 = CaHb-1x + X.
T - CaHb-1. + x. = CaHb-1x

61
Q

What is the propagation stage?

A

A constant cycle

62
Q

How is the constant cycle of the propagation stage stopped?

A

Till termination stage takes place

63
Q

What does the termination stage involve?

A

Two radicals being added together

64
Q

What are the problems with free radical substitution?

A

Further substitution

Can occur at different points in the carbon chain

65
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

66
Q

What is stronger a sigma bond or pi bond?

A

Sigma bond

67
Q

What is a pi bond?

A

These are formed by the sideways overlap of two adjacent ‘p’ orbitals

68
Q

LEARN DIAGRAMS FOR PI AND SIGMA BOND

A

LEARN DIAGRAMS

69
Q

What is an addition polymer?

A

Formed when lots of small alkene monomers join together to form a long chain molecule called a polymer (no other products)

70
Q

How do you draw a polymer?

A

Draw the monomer (single carbon bond)
Put brackets around
Extend arms out
Put ‘n’ outside bracket

71
Q

What is HDPE?

A

High density poly(ethene)

72
Q

What LDPE?

A

Low density poly(ethene)

73
Q

Why does HDPE have a high melting point?

A

Straight chains
Packed tightly together
Strong forces between chains
Strong + tough material

74
Q

Why does LDPE have a low melting point?

A

Branched chains
Not packed closely together
Weak forces
Weak + flexible material

75
Q

What is hydrogenation of alkenes?

A

Using H2 to break the carbon double bond

76
Q

What temperature do you need for hydrogenation?

A

150 degrees

77
Q

What is the catalyst you need for hydrogenation?

A

Nickle

78
Q

What is halogenation of alkenes?

A

Using Cl2 etc or HCl etc to break carbon double bond

79
Q

What will happen if you carry out halogenation with two unsymmetrical reactants?

A

Produce two products

eg. 2-chloropropane and 1-chloropropane

80
Q

What test do you use for saturation?

A

Bromine water test

81
Q

What colour will bromine water go if it is positive?

A

Orange to colourless

82
Q

What is hydration of alkenes?

A

Using steam (H2O) to break the double carbon bond to form an alcohol

83
Q

What is the temperature needed for hydration?

A

300 degrees

84
Q

What is the catalyst needed for hydration?

A

Phosphoric acid

85
Q

LEARN DIAGRAMS FOR ELECTROPHILLIC ADDITION

A

LEARN DIAGRAMS

86
Q

What does an electrophillic addition mechanism produce?

A

Carbocation (carbonium ion)

87
Q

What is a primary carbonium ion?

A

Has only one C attached to ion

88
Q

What is a secondary carbonium ion?

A

Has two C attached to ion

89
Q

What do carbon centres have?

A

Inductive effect (I+)

90
Q

What do I+ effects do?

A

Push electrodensity towards carbonium ion (C+) and stabilise it

91
Q

What does it mean if there are more I+ effects?

A

More stable

92
Q

What are the three types of carbonium ions?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

93
Q

Which carbonium ion is the most stable ans why?

A

Tertiary because it has the most I+ effects

94
Q

What is the major product?

A

The more favourable one which is the most stable and has the most I+ effects

95
Q

What is Markownikoff’s rule?

A

The major product is produced when the negative part of the molecule joins to the carbon with the least number of attached H atoms within a double bond

96
Q

What parts of recycling are polymers used in?

A

PVC recycling
Using waste polymers as fuels
Feedstock recycling

97
Q

What is the advantage of recycling polymers?

A

It reduces their environmental impact by conserving fossil fuels + decreasing amount of waste

98
Q

Why is it difficult to recycle polymers?

A

Because it is hazardous due to high chlorine content

99
Q

Why can waste polymers be used as fuels?

A

Because they are derived from petroleum or natural gas so they have a high store energy value

100
Q

What is feedstock recycling?

A

The chemical and thermal processes that reclaim monomers, gases or oil from waste polymers

101
Q

Why is feedstock recycling good?

A

Products can be used as raw materials for the production of new polymers

102
Q

What are bioplastics?

A

Alternatives to oil-based products that are produced from starch,cellulose and plant-oils to offer

103
Q

What are photodegradable polymers?

A

Polymers that contain bonds that are weakened by absorbing light to start the degradation

104
Q

What are biodegradable polymers?

A

Polymers broken down by microorganisms into water, CO2 and biological compounds

105
Q

Why are compostable polymers good?

A

Because they degrade and leave no visible or toxic residue

106
Q

What is poly(ethene) used in?

A

Plastic

107
Q

What is polystyrene used in?

A

Cups, packaging + plastic cutlery

108
Q

What is polytetrafluroethane (Teflon) used in?

A

Non-stick coating

A-Level Chemistry (26 decks)

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