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Transition Metals Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the properties of transition metals come from

A

A partially filled D sub level in their atoms or ions

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2
Q

What are 4 characteristics of transition metals

A

Ability to form complexes

Form coloured ions

Variable oxidation states

Good catalysts

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3
Q

Why is zinc not a transition metal

A

It can only form a 2+ ions which gives it a completely filled d orbital so it doesn’t meet the criteria of being a transition metal

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4
Q

What is a complex

A

Transition metals or their ions forming Co ordinate bond with ligands

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5
Q

What is a ligand

A

A species that can donate one or more lone pair of electrons to a transition metal atom/ion

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6
Q

What is the co ordination number

A

The number of co ordinate bonds formed to a central metal ion

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7
Q

Shape and angle for 6 co ordinate bonds

A

Octahedral

90 degrees

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8
Q

Shape and angle for 4 co ordinate bonds (2)

A

Tetrahedral - 109.5

Square planar - 90

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9
Q

Shape and angle for 2 co ordinate bonds

A

Linear - 180

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10
Q

What is a monodentate ligand

A

Ligands that form one co ordinate bond with the metal ion

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11
Q

What are 4 monodentate ligands

A

H2O

Cl -

NH3

CN-

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12
Q

What is a bidentate ligand

A

Ligands that can form 2 co ordinate bonds with a metal ion as they have 2 atoms with lone pairs

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13
Q

What are 2 bidentate ligands
(Draw them out)

A

Ethane-1,2-diamine (en)

Ethanedioate ion

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14
Q

What are multidentate ligands

A

Ligands that can form 3 or more co ordinate bond with a metal ion

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15
Q

What is an example of a multidentate ligand and how many co ordinate bonds does it form

A

EDTA

Forms 6 co ordinate bonds

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16
Q

What 2 atoms have the lone pairs in EDTA

A

Oxygen and nitrogen

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17
Q

What is the structure of platin and cis platin

A

Draw

Square planar
Pt in middle
2 ammonia
2 cl
Swap based on isomerism

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18
Q

What types of isomerism can complexes form

A

Optical

Cis - trans

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19
Q

What is cis trans isomerism

A

A type of EZ isomerism

Cis = same side
Trans = opposite sides

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20
Q

When can optical isomerism in complexes

A

Octahedral complexes where there are 3 bidentate ligands to the central atom

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21
Q

What are the conditions for cis trans isomerism in square planar and octahedral complexes

A

2 of one ligand and 2 of another

4 of one ligand and 2 of another

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22
Q

What are 3 things that cause colour changes

A

Changes in

Oxidation state
Co ordination number
Ligand

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23
Q

Why do transition metals form coloured ions

A

They absorb energy corresponding to certain parts of the visible electromagnetic spectrum - the colour that is seen is made of the parts of the visible spectrum that aren’t absorbed

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24
Q

How does the colour change occur in terms of orbitals

A

In the presence of a ligand the d sub level can split orbitals - some into higher energies and some in lower

This changes energy and therefore the frequency of light absorbed

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25
What is the link between change in E and the absorbing of colours
It it is small then it only absorbs the lower end of ROYGBIV
26
What are the 2 equations for change in E
Delta E = hf Delta E = hc / wavelength H is planks constant (6.63 x 10^-34) F is frequency in Hz or s^-1 C is speed of light ( 3x10^18) m/s
27
What is the equation for C (speed of light)
Frequency x wavelength Therefore delta E can also be hc / lander
28
What factors affect Delta E (4)
Type of ligand Shape of complex Co ordination number Oxidation state of the metal
29
What is colourimetry
A type of spectroscopy
30
What light does colourimetry use
It uses ultraviolet to visible light
31
What is colourimetry used for
It is used to determine the concentration of transition metal ion complex solutions
32
How do you make a calibration graph (3)and how do you use it
Vary convention of sample Measure absorbance at each concentration Draw a graph of conc (x axis) against absorbance (y axis) Measure absorbance of a sample and then use the graph to determine its concentration
33
What type of reaction is a ligand substitution reaction What can it come with
When the metal ligand bond is broke. And replaced with a different ligand Change in colour
34
Why does the co ordination number also change with chlorine ligand substitution reactions
Because chlorine is a bigger molecule that the other monodentate ligands
35
What is the reaction of aqueous copper chloride with HCl and what is the colour change
Cu(H20)6 2+ + 4HCl forms Cu(Cl)4 2- + 6H20 Blue to yellow/green
36
How is oxygen transported in the body
Blood has a multidentate ligand in complex called haem one axial position bonds to globin (haemoglobin) Othe axial position bonds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin When oxygen transported to tissues to bond breaks and is replaced by water in a partial Ligand sub reaction
37
Why is CO dangerous if inhaled
It bonds to the Fe 2+ on the axial The bond is very strong so it can’t be broken therefore prevents oxygen from binding High conc of co can be life threatening
38
What is entropy (delta S)
A measure of disorder in a system
39
What is an increase in entropy
A positive entropy change
40
What is delta G What does it have to be for a spontaneous reaction to occur
Gibbs free energy Negative
41
What is the equation for delay G
Delta G = DeltaH - T x DeltaS
42
Why ate monodentate ligand’s substituted by multidenatte Why is it difficult to reverse the reaction
They form more stable complexes There is an increase in entropy but delta h stays the same so g is negative Requires a lot of energy cos backwards reaction would require DELTG to be positive but for a spontaneous reaction it has to be negative
43
Why is enthalpy of ligand substitution reactions 0 or almost 0
Breaking and forming the same type of bonds usually
44
What 4 oxidation states can Vanadium have
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1
45
What is the ion and colour of +5 vanadium
VO_2 + Yellow
46
What is the ion and colour of + 4 Vanadium
VO^2+ Blue
47
What is the ion and colour of +3 vanadium
V3+ Green
48
What is the ion and colour of +2 vanadium
V^2+ Purple
49
What can vanadium be reduced by
Adding zinc
50
What characteristic of transition metals makes them good catalyst
Variable oxidation states
51
What is the overall equation for the contact process What is the catalyst What type or catalyst is it
SO2 + 0.5O2 (g) (RVs)-> SO3 (g) V2O5 Heterogenous
52
What are the 2 equations showing how the catalyst in the contact process is used and reformed
SO2 + V2O5 -> SO3 + V2O4 V2O4 + 0.5O2 -> V2O5
53
What is a heterogenous catalyst
Catalysts that are in a different state to the reactants - usually catalyst is solid and reactants are gas or in solution
54
Why is a support used in heterogenous catalysis
The reaction takes places on the surface of the catalyst so a support increases the surface area which reduces costs
55
What are 3 stages of heterogenous catalysis
Reactants adsorb and form weak interactions with the surface They weaken the bond between reactants so they become easier to break Products desorb from the surface
56
What is homogenous catalysis
Catalysts in the same phase as the reactants usually in aqueous phase
57
How to homogeneous catalysts work
They reaction proceeds by an intermediate species in which the transition metal temporarily changes oxidation state
58
What happens when a catalyst is poisoned Give 2 examples
When it is positioned by impurities which reduce the efficiency For example sulfur in Haber process Lead in catalytic converters
59
Why can’t leaded petrol be used in cars with catalytic converters
The lead strongly adsorbs to the surface of the catalysts
60
Steps of Fe2+ catalyst For S2O8- and I- reaction Why is reaction slow uncatalysted
Picture Reacting 2 negative ions - they repel
61
Draw a diagram of enthalpy cos reaction progress
Photo
62
What is autocatalysis
When one of the products of the reactions acts as a catalyst in the reaction
63
Draw a diagram of mno4- vs time showing autocatalysis in its reaction with C2O4- Explain it
Picture Reaction speeds up once mn2+ is formed Then evens out as reactants used up
64
Give the equations for mno4- reacting with c2o4-
Picture
65
What type of reaction is the reaction between sodium hydorxide and the metal ions
Hydrolysis reaction
66
What is the reaction of 2+ aqua ions with NaoH
Aquaion + 2OH- forms aqua ion (4) (oh)2 + 2H20
67
What is the colour change for age2+ aqua ion when it reacts with NaOH
Pale green solution Green precipitate Fe(h20)4(oh)2
68
Colour change for Cu2+ aqua ion reacting with NaOH
Blue solution - blue precipitate Cu(H20)4(OH)2
69
What do +3 ions form when reaction with NaOH
Metal with 3 water molecules, 3 OH And 3 H20
70
What does aluminium aqua ion form with NaOH What about in excess
Colourless to white ppt Ppt dissolves to form colourless solution Al(oh)6 - + 3H2O
71
What is formed when 2+ metals reacts with ammonia
Metal with 4 ammonia and 2NH4+
72
What is the colour change for the reactions of 2+ aqua ions with ammonia
Same as with NaOH Same products formed
73
Which is the only one that reacts with excess ammonia What type do reaction is it What is the colour change What is the shape
Hexa aqua copper A ligand substitution reaction Cu(h20)4(oh)2 + 4Nh3 -> Cu(nh3)4(H2O)2 2+ + 2H20 + 2OH- Blue precipitate to deep blue solution Elongated octahedral because Cu-O bonds longer than C-N bonds
74
What is formed when 3+ ions react with ammonia
They react with 3 ammonia instead of 2 They form metal (h20)3(oh)3 and 3nh4+
75
What is the colour ur change for aqua fe3+ reacting with ammonia
Yellow/brown solution to brown ppt Colourless solution to white ppt
76
Colour change when fe3+ reacts with naoh
Yellow/ brown solution to brown ppt
77
What is the reaction of 3+ aqua ions with carbonate
2 of the ions reacts with 3 carbonates. To form 2 of metal(h20)3(oh)3 and 3H20 and 3CO2
78
What is the colour change and observation when fe3+ reacts with carbonate
Yellow brown solution to brown ppt and fizzing
79
Colour change and observation when Al3+ aqua ion reacts with carbonates
Colourless solution to white ppt Fizzing
80
What is the reaction when carbonates react with 2+ aqua ions
One aqua ion with one carbonate ion forms Metal CO3 and 6H20
81
Reaction of Fe2+ aqua ion with carbonate
Pale green solution to green ppt
82
Reaction to Cu2+ aqua ion with carbonate
Blue solution to blue/green ppt
83
Why do only the +3 complexes cause fizzing with carbonates
The O-H bond is weak enough for carbonate ions to remove the H+ from the water ligands
84
Why is the O-H bond weaker in 3+ ions
They have a higher charge density so they attracts a pair of electron int he metal - oxygen bond towards itself more strongly which weakens the O-H bond
85
What is an example of a linear complex
Ag(NH3)2 2+ Cu(NH3)2 2+

Chemistry (23 decks)

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