ITOC Flashcards
What are hydrocarbons
Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only
Define a homologous series
A family of organic compounds that have the same general formula (same functional group) and have similar chemical properties- they differ in length of hydrocarbon chain
Define molecular formula
The actual number of atoms of each element in a substance
Define Empirical formula
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
Define general formula
A type of Empirical formula that represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compound
Define structural formula
A formula that shows how the atoms making a compound are arranged within the molecule
Define displayed formula
A formula that shows all the atoms and all the bonds in the molecule
What must you remember when writing organic chemical equations
Always use the structural or displayed formula
Never use the molecular formula as it can mean different things
What is a functional group
A specific atom or group atoms which confer certain physical and chemical properties on the molecule
What is the suffix and prefix of alkanes
What is the suffix and prefix of alkenes
Suffix is ane
Suffix is ene
No prefix
What is the suffix and prefix of halogenoalakanes
No suffix
Prefix is halo-
What is the suffix and prefix of alcohols
Suffix is -ol
Prefix is hydroxy-
What is the suffix and prefix of aldehydes
Suffix is -Al
Prefix is Oxo-
What is the suffix and prefix of ketones
Suffix is -one
Prefix is oxo-
What is the suffix and prefix of carboxylic acids
Suffix is -oic acid
No prefix
What is the naming priority of the functional groups
Acids
Esters
Aldehyde
Ketones
Alcohols
Amines
Alkenes
Alkynes
Alkanes
Ethers
Halides
What are the 5 multipliers
2 di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
6 hexa
What is a reaction mechanism
A step by step sequence in which overall chemical change occurs and it outlines the sequence of bonds broken / formed in a chemical reaction
What is homolytic fission
When does it usually occur
When a bond breaks and each atom gains one of the shared pair of electrons
Usually occurs when the atoms have similar/ the same electronegativities
What are free radicals
How are they represented
What products does it form
A species with an unpaired electron
By dots
2 free radicals
What is heterolytic fission
When does it usually occur
What products does it form
When a bond breaks and one atom (the more electronegative one) gains both of the shared pair of electrons
When the atoms have different electronegativities
A free radical and an ion
What are curly arrows used to show
How are they drawn
The forming and breaking of bonds in mechanisms
Base of arrow is where a pair of electrons is coming from (either centre of bond or lone pair of electrons)
How is bond breaking shown in heterolytic fission using curly arrows
The curly arrow goes from the centre of the bond
How is bond forming shown in heterolytic fission using curly arrows
The arrow starts from either a lone pair of electrons or another Covalent bond
