ITOC Flashcards
What are hydrocarbons
Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only
Define a homologous series
A family of organic compounds that have the same general formula (same functional group) and have similar chemical properties- they differ in length of hydrocarbon chain
Define molecular formula
The actual number of atoms of each element in a substance
Define Empirical formula
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
Define general formula
A type of Empirical formula that represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compound
Define structural formula
A formula that shows how the atoms making a compound are arranged within the molecule
Define displayed formula
A formula that shows all the atoms and all the bonds in the molecule
What must you remember when writing organic chemical equations
Always use the structural or displayed formula
Never use the molecular formula as it can mean different things
What is a functional group
A specific atom or group atoms which confer certain physical and chemical properties on the molecule
What is the suffix and prefix of alkanes
What is the suffix and prefix of alkenes
Suffix is ane
Suffix is ene
No prefix
What is the suffix and prefix of halogenoalakanes
No suffix
Prefix is halo-
What is the suffix and prefix of alcohols
Suffix is -ol
Prefix is hydroxy-
What is the suffix and prefix of aldehydes
Suffix is -Al
Prefix is Oxo-
What is the suffix and prefix of ketones
Suffix is -one
Prefix is oxo-
What is the suffix and prefix of carboxylic acids
Suffix is -oic acid
No prefix
What is the naming priority of the functional groups
Acids
Esters
Aldehyde
Ketones
Alcohols
Amines
Alkenes
Alkynes
Alkanes
Ethers
Halides
What are the 5 multipliers
2 di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
6 hexa
What is a reaction mechanism
A step by step sequence in which overall chemical change occurs and it outlines the sequence of bonds broken / formed in a chemical reaction
What is homolytic fission
When does it usually occur
When a bond breaks and each atom gains one of the shared pair of electrons
Usually occurs when the atoms have similar/ the same electronegativities
What are free radicals
How are they represented
What products does it form
A species with an unpaired electron
By dots
2 free radicals
What is heterolytic fission
When does it usually occur
What products does it form
When a bond breaks and one atom (the more electronegative one) gains both of the shared pair of electrons
When the atoms have different electronegativities
A free radical and an ion
What are curly arrows used to show
How are they drawn
The forming and breaking of bonds in mechanisms
Base of arrow is where a pair of electrons is coming from (either centre of bond or lone pair of electrons)
How is bond breaking shown in heterolytic fission using curly arrows
The curly arrow goes from the centre of the bond
How is bond forming shown in heterolytic fission using curly arrows
The arrow starts from either a lone pair of electrons or another Covalent bond
When do isomers occur
When 2 or more compounds have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms
Define structural isomers
Isomers with the same structural formula but a different molecular formula
What are 3 types of structural isomers
Chain isomers
Position isomers
Functional group isomers
Define chain isomers
When the atoms in the carbon chain are arranged differently
Define position isomers
Isomers within the same homologous series where the functional group is on a different carbon atom
Define functional group isomers
When the compounds have the same molecular formula but have different functional groups
Define stereoisomerism
When the 2 isomers have the same structural formula but with the atoms arranged differently in space
What are the conditions for E/Z isomerism in alkenes
Each of the carbon atoms either side of the double bond must have different groups of attached to them
