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Chemistry > ITOC > Flashcards

ITOC Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hydrocarbons

A

Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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2
Q

Define a homologous series

A

A family of organic compounds that have the same general formula (same functional group) and have similar chemical properties- they differ in length of hydrocarbon chain

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3
Q

Define molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms of each element in a substance

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4
Q

Define Empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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5
Q

Define general formula

A

A type of Empirical formula that represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compound

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6
Q

Define structural formula

A

A formula that shows how the atoms making a compound are arranged within the molecule

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7
Q

Define displayed formula

A

A formula that shows all the atoms and all the bonds in the molecule

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8
Q

What must you remember when writing organic chemical equations

A

Always use the structural or displayed formula
Never use the molecular formula as it can mean different things

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9
Q

What is a functional group

A

A specific atom or group atoms which confer certain physical and chemical properties on the molecule

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10
Q

What is the suffix and prefix of alkanes

What is the suffix and prefix of alkenes

A

Suffix is ane
Suffix is ene

No prefix

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11
Q

What is the suffix and prefix of halogenoalakanes

A

No suffix
Prefix is halo-

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12
Q

What is the suffix and prefix of alcohols

A

Suffix is -ol

Prefix is hydroxy-

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13
Q

What is the suffix and prefix of aldehydes

A

Suffix is -Al

Prefix is Oxo-

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14
Q

What is the suffix and prefix of ketones

A

Suffix is -one

Prefix is oxo-

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15
Q

What is the suffix and prefix of carboxylic acids

A

Suffix is -oic acid

No prefix

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16
Q

What is the naming priority of the functional groups

A

Acids
Esters
Aldehyde
Ketones
Alcohols
Amines
Alkenes
Alkynes
Alkanes
Ethers
Halides

17
Q

What are the 5 multipliers

A

2 di
3 tri
4 tetra
5 penta
6 hexa

18
Q

What is a reaction mechanism

A

A step by step sequence in which overall chemical change occurs and it outlines the sequence of bonds broken / formed in a chemical reaction

19
Q

What is homolytic fission
When does it usually occur

A

When a bond breaks and each atom gains one of the shared pair of electrons

Usually occurs when the atoms have similar/ the same electronegativities

20
Q

What are free radicals

How are they represented

What products does it form

A

A species with an unpaired electron

By dots

2 free radicals

21
Q

What is heterolytic fission

When does it usually occur

What products does it form

A

When a bond breaks and one atom (the more electronegative one) gains both of the shared pair of electrons

When the atoms have different electronegativities

A free radical and an ion

22
Q

What are curly arrows used to show
How are they drawn

A

The forming and breaking of bonds in mechanisms

Base of arrow is where a pair of electrons is coming from (either centre of bond or lone pair of electrons)

23
Q

How is bond breaking shown in heterolytic fission using curly arrows

A

The curly arrow goes from the centre of the bond

24
Q

How is bond forming shown in heterolytic fission using curly arrows

A

The arrow starts from either a lone pair of electrons or another Covalent bond

25
Q

When do isomers occur

A

When 2 or more compounds have the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms

26
Q

Define structural isomers

A

Isomers with the same structural formula but a different molecular formula

27
Q

What are 3 types of structural isomers

A

Chain isomers

Position isomers

Functional group isomers

28
Q

Define chain isomers

A

When the atoms in the carbon chain are arranged differently

29
Q

Define position isomers

A

Isomers within the same homologous series where the functional group is on a different carbon atom

30
Q

Define functional group isomers

A

When the compounds have the same molecular formula but have different functional groups

31
Q

Define stereoisomerism

A

When the 2 isomers have the same structural formula but with the atoms arranged differently in space

32
Q

What are the conditions for E/Z isomerism in alkenes

A

Each of the carbon atoms either side of the double bond must have different groups of attached to them

Chemistry (23 decks)

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