Transfusion Practices Flashcards by tulips Netherlands

The injection of blood and a blood component into the bloodstream

Blood Transfuion

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It is generally the process of receiving blood or blood products intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood

Blood Transfusion

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Give Purposes of Transfusion

Restore blood volume
★ Replace clotting factors
★ Improve oxygen carrying capacity
★ Restore blood elements that are depleted
★ Maintain hemostasis and prevent
complications

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Patients undergoing significant surgeries such as scoliosis repair, liver biopsy, mastectomy, and the likes.

Surgical Procedures

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Patients who loss blood during vaginal or cesarean delivery.

Childbirth

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Blood vessels open when placenta detaches from uterus

Vaginal delivery

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This is happens when cutting of large blood vessels to open uterus wall

Cesarean delivery

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Patients with severe injuries following accidents or disasters which necessitate blood transfusions.

Traumatic Events

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Patients who receive transfusion are suffering from diseases or disorders like anemia, cancer, hemophilia, sickle disease, and the like.

Medical Conditions

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Give the Transfusion Process

Preparation
Starting the Procedure
Monitoring
Finishing up
Post transfusion care

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In transfusion process:
Medical team ensures patient’s identity and compatibility with the donor’s blood. Additionally, nurses will check the patient’s blood pressure, pulse, and temperature.

Preparation

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In transfusion process:

Intravenous (IV) line is inserted into the patient’s vein in the arm or hand.

Starting the procedure

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In the transfusion process:

During transfusion, the patient is continuously monitored for any adverse reactions. This includes checking vital signs like blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature.

Monitoring

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In the transfusion process:
IV line is carefully removed and the medical team continues to monitor the patient for a short while to ensure no late-onset reactions.

Finishing up

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In the transfusion process:

Patient’s vital signs are checked and the IV is removed. Also, the patient needs to report any unusual symptoms or feelings in the days following transfusion.

Post transfusion Care

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Involved giving a person all components of blood (red cells, white cells, platelets, plasma, etc.).

Whole blood transfusion

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This recipients of this transfusion is a Patients who experienced severe traumatic hemorrhage

Whole blood transfusion

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Called Packed Red blood cells or packed cells

Red blood cell transfusion

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This recipients in component therapy transfusion are the Patients with anemia (iron deficiency), blood disorders, or experienced traumatic events.

Red blood cell transfusion

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Aka white blood cell transfusion

Granulocyte transfusion

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A rare component of transfusion

Granulocyte transfusion

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In granulocyte transfusion, the doctors used another drugs called?

Colony stimulating factors or Growth factors

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This help in the production of white blood cells

Colony stimulating factors

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Patients with low white blood cell count or severe infection which cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Wbc transfuion

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Component of blood that stop the body from bleeding

Platelets

Patients with illnesses such as thrombocytopenia other type of cancers especially if their platelet count drops post- chemotherapy.

Platelet transfusion

Types of blood transfusion: Transfusion of blood or blood components taken from a donor to a recipient.

Allogenic/Homologous Transfusion

Also called “self-transfusion” is the reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient.

Autologous transfusion

Types of Blood Transfusion

Allogenic/Homologous Transfusion Autologous Transfusion Massive Blood Transfusion Emergency Transfusion Neonatal Pediatric Transfusion Exchanged Transfusion Plasma Transfusion Bone Marrow Transplantation BLood Substitutes Transfusion

Transfusion of blood or blood components taken from a donor to a recipient.

Allogenic/Homologous Transfusion

Also called “self-transfusion” is the reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient.

Autologous Transfusion

This types of autologous transfusion is a transfusion of blood to a patient anticipating a need for transfusion (e.g., scheduled surgery).

Pre deposit

This autologous type of transfusion is a transfusion of 1 or 2 units of collected blood from the patient just before a surgical procedure and give back to the patient at or near the end of surgery. Removed blood is replaced with crystalloid or colloid solution.

Intra operative Hemodilution or Acute Normovole,ic Hemodilution

This type of autologous transfusion is a blood lost during surgery is collected, mixed with anticoagulant solution, washed and re-infused during (interoperative salvage) or after (postoperative salvage) surgery.

Blood Salvage

Replacement of one or more blood volumes within 24 hours, or about 10 units (5000 mL) of blood in an adult.

Massive blood transfusion

A type of transfusion performed for patients who are rapidly bleeding and requires immediate transfusion. Group O, Rh-negative red cells are preferably used.

Emergency transfusion

This is significantly different from transfusion issues for adults because of the small size, hemoglobin changes, and erythropoietin response in early infancy.

Neonatal pediatric transfusion

A.k.a “Replacement Transfusion” can be defined as the use of whole blood or equivalent to replace the neonate’s circulating blood.

Exchange transfusion

Bone marrow can be harvested from

Iliac crest

A type of transfusion in which blood is substituted for transfusion.

Blood substitutes transfusion

A transfusion reaction occurring within 24 hours of transfusion

Immediate /Acute Reaction

A transfusion reaction occurring more than 24 hours of transfusion

Delayed Reaction

Adverse reaction that occur as a result of body’s immune system recognising and reacting to specific components within the transfused blood

Immune/Immunologic Reaction

Adverse reaction that occur during or after a blood transfusion that are NOT mediated by the immune system

Non Immune or Non Immunologic

Rapid destruction of red blood cells shortly after receiving a blood transfusion.

Acute hemolysis

Will take 5-7 days for symptoms to manifest. Sudden decrease of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and jaundice (possible but not always)

Delayed hemolytic anemia

Severe allergic response

Anaphylaxis

Rapid destruction of rbc outside of the body’s normal process

External hemolysis

Transcribed: TA GVHD

Transfusion associated graft versus host disease

Transcribed TRALI

Transfusion related acute lung injury

Rapid destruction of red blood cells ouotside of the bodys normal process

External hemolysis

Any transfusion-related adverse effect which occurs during or after the transfusion of whole blood or one of its components and human- derived plasma products.

Immediate Transfusion Reaction Acute Transfusion reaction

Most commonly associated with a secondary (anamnestic) response

Delayed Transfusion Reaction

Delayed Transfusion Reaction, occurs betweem how many days? Occasionally how many day occurs after transfusion?

2-8 days 14 days after transfusion

The associated hemolysis in the transfusion reaction is generally Extravascular

Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction

viruses that some people carry in their blood and can be spread from one person to another.

Blood borne viruses

What family viruses is Hepa A

Picornaviridae

Incubation period of Hepatitis A

28 days on average

Family viruses of Hepa B

Hepadnaviridae

In hepatitis B, what immunoglobulin the first antibody to emerge and lasts around 6 months.

IgM anti HBc

Detection of anti HBsAg is detectable up to how many weeks after exposure

2 to 12 weeks

What member of family is Hepatitis C

Flaviviridae

What hepatitis is Most become chronic carriers, develop chronic liver disease or cirrhosis.

Hepatitis C

Family member of Hepa E

Caliciviridae

What hepatitis does not progress to chronic

Hepatitis E

causes a common childhood illness called “fifth disease

Parvovirus B19

presents with a mild rash described as “slapped cheek.”

Parvovirus B19

Member of herpes virus

Epstein Barr Virus

Can cause mononucleosis

Epstein Barr Virus

Called kissing disease

Epstein Barr Virus

What herpesvirus is a very common virus that causes a lifelong infection.

Human herpesvirus 6

This herpesvirus causes roseola infantum, also known as exanthem subitum or sixth disease.

Human Herpes Virus 6

This herpesvirus associated with several diseases including Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s disease.

Human herpes virus 8

the causative agent of syphilis

Treponema Pallidum

The causative agent of Lyme borreliosis currently consists of three pathogenic species:

-B. burgdorferi - Borrelia afzelii - Borrelia garinii

is caused by spirochete bacterium. It is a cutaneous systemic infection generally transmitted by a hard-bodied tick and caused by Borrelia burgdorferi.

Lyme Disease

It is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

is a zoonotic disease transmitted by infected deer tick bites.

Babesiosis

It causes Chagas' disease

Trypanosoma Cruzi

Triatomine bugs, also known as

T. Cruzi

also known as "kissing bugs," serve as vectors for T. cruzi

Triatomine bugs

Time interval for a simple blood transfusion.

1-4 hours

What blood component is most likely transfused to a patient who experienced severe traumatic hemorrhage?

Whole blood

What component is most likely transfused to a patient with low white blood cell count or severe infection which cannot be treated with antibiotics?

Granulocyte

This is a blood component which usually drops following chemotherapy.

Platelet concentration

If this blood component is depleted and left untreated, it will cause weakness, fatigue, and, in extreme cases, shortness of breath, or rapid heartbeat. That is why physicians prescribe to transfuse this blood component.

Packed red blood cells

During intraoperative hemodilution or acute normovolemic hemodilution, transfusion of one or two units of blood is collected from the patient just before the surgery and give back the blood component of the patient at the near end of the surgery. The removed blood is replaced with what substance/solution?

Crystalloids or colloids

A type of transfusion wherein replacement of one or more blood volumes within 24 hours or about 10 units of blood in adults.

Massive Blood Transfusion

In neonatal pediatric transfusion, very-low-birth-rate infants, blood should be selected to be leukoreduced to prevent what infection, which can be serious in premature infants.

Cytomegalovirus

What is usually given to a patient who is rapidly bleeding and requires immediate transfusion in the emergency room when he/she is considered as a trauma patient? Blood type and component.

Packed red blood cells (blood type O Rh-negative)

What is the treatment of choice for neonates who have HDFN, wherein their RBCs are being destroyed, resulting to the production of hemoglobin that are metabolized to bilirubin? They will develop kernicterus, the deposition of bilirubin in the mucous membranes.

Phototherapy

Enumerate conditions wherein blood pressure and heart rate usually drops during transfusion.

Bacterial sepsis Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction Anaphylaxis Transfusion-related acute lung injury Citrate toxicity

What is the laboratory diagnosis or what is being detected for hepatitis A?

IgM anti-HAV antibodies

This is a double-stranded DNA hepatitis virus which can resist humidity and high temperatures.

Hepadnaviridae

This is an icosahedral, positive-sense RNA virus which is commonly transmitted through fecal-oral route and also associated in transfusion.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B surface antigen is also known as ______

Australia antigen

A single-stranded DNA virus which is only detectable during coinfection or superinfection with hepatitis B virus.

Deltaviridae

This is the most common type of hepatitis which is commonly transmitted through transfusion, arising from 80% of hepatitis- associated transfusion infections. It is also known as the transfusion hepatitis.

Hepatitis C

Screening test for HIV.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Confirmatory test for HIV.

Western blot

Give at least 3 cellular lineages wherein the HIV virus attaches.

CD4+ lymphocytes CD4+ macrophages CD4+ antigen-presenting cells

Give the 2 names of scientists who discovered HIV. The first discoverer is a French scientist and discovered HIV but he did not know that HIV is the cause of AIDS. The second discoverer is an American and explained the pathophysiology/pathogenicity of the HIV infection.

Robert Gallo Luc Montagnier

Give the different methods used to diagnose CMV infection.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Fluorescence assays Indirect hemagglutination Latex agglutination

This is a type of spirochete which causes cutaneous systemic infection, generally transmitted by a hard body tick.

Borrelia burgdorferi

Confirmatory test for syphilis infection.

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory

This used to detect the presence of treponeme in the CSF.

Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test

What substance or molecule is being detected in southern blotting?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What substance or molecule is being detected in northern blotting?

Ribonucleic acid

What substance or molecule is being detected in western blotting?

Protein

What is the gold standard serologic test for the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Immunofluorescence assay

How many fold or rise in antibody titer to consider that a certain specimen is significant for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Four

What is the etiological agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis in the US?

Erhlichia Chaffeensis

This parasite causes Chaga’s disease.

Trypanosoma cruzi

What is the vector of Chaga’s disease which leads to a painful localized nodule known as Chagoma, taking up to 3 months to heal?

Reduviid bug

This is a Plasmadium species which is prevalent worldwide.

Plasmodium vivax