!!! TRANSFER OF SKILLS

Question 1

What are the types of transfer of skills?

Answer 1

1. Positive
2. Negative
3. Proactive
4. Retroactive
5. Bilateral.

Question 2

What is positive transfer?

Answer 2

1. Positive transfer occurs when 2 skills are similar in some way
2. Having already masted one of the skills, it makes learning the second skill easier
3. Coaches can aid positive transfer by:
   - Making sure the individual understands the similarities between the 2 skills
   - Making sure the basics of the first skill are well learned so it can be transferred more easily into the second skill

E.g. the skill of throwing can be transferred to the arm action of the tennis serve.

Question 3

What is negative transfer?

Answer 3

1. Negative transfer occurs when having learnt 1 skill makes learning a second skill harder
2. It happens when a stimulus common to both skills requires a different response
3. Coaches can ensure negative transfer is avoided by
   - Making sure athlete is aware of differences
   - Making practise sessions similar to game situations, to ensure a larger, generalised motor programme

E.g. a squash player who plays tennis may find it difficult to not use their wrist during shots.

Question 4

What is bilateral transfer?

Answer 4

1. Bilateral transfer is the transfer of leaning from one limb to another
2. It refers to the capacity of a performer who may be right-sided to perform a skill on the left of their body
3. Takes place in 2 ways:
   - Cognitive aspects, understanding what is required ‘I swing my left foot in the same way as my right’
   - Transfer of motor programme, the pattern of one movement learned by one limb is subconsciously transferred to the other limb

E.g. a footballer who can shoot with the right and left foot with matching power and accuracy.

Question 5

What is proactive transfer and retroactive transfer?

Answer 5

1. Proactive transfer is when a previously learned skill affects a skill yet to be learned
2. Retroactive transfer is when learning a new skills affects a skill learned previously.

Question 6

How can a performer optimise positive transfer and limit negative transfer?

Answer 6

1. Allow positive transfer by offering variable practices which imitate game situations
2. Make performer aware of transferable elements, e.g. teacher that throwing a javelin is like throwing a rounders ball, arm position is same
3. Clear and concise demonstration
4. Diverse childhood experiences enhance probability of transfer, the performer must learn a wide range of fundamental motor skills