Memory models Flashcards
What are the 2 main memory models?
- Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model
2. Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model.
Why is memory important for sports performers?
- Learning new skills
- Developing skills already acquired
- Remembering tactics and strategies.
What are the 3 stages of the Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?
- Short-term sensory store (STSS)
- Short-term memory (STM)
- Long-term memory (LTM).
What is the short-term sensory store?
- Info is passed into and stored for less than a second in the STSS and processed simultaneously
- Selective attention selects the relevant info in the STSS and directs them into the STM for further processing while irrelevant info is lost
What is short-term memory?
- STM is where info from the STSS and LTM are received and brought together
- STM has a limited capacity to store information for around 7 items, info is only held for as long as attention is held
- STM is limited to the amount of time that info can be stored which is less than 1 minute
- Information can also be held in STM through chunking.
What is long term memory?
- LTM contains well-learned and retained info collected over past experiences
- LTM is limitless in capacity and length of retention
- Well-learned and rehearsed movement skills from STM will eventually be stored in LTM as motor programmes for future use
- Relevant info from LTM can be retrieved into STM workspace to be used for perception and decision making.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Atkinson and Shiffren’s multi-store memory model?
Advantages:
- Simplifies the memory process
- Explains how those with brain damage may have a dysfunctional memory
Disadvantages
- Too simplified, does not explain why we remember different sorts of info
- Does not prove the distinction between STM and LTM and does not explain the interaction between STM and LTM.
What is Craik and Lockhart’s levels of processing model?
- This approach is used to explain how memory works and opposes the view that there are set memory stores
- It seeks to explain what we do with info rather than how it is stored
- According to this approach, meaning of the info is more important than repetition
- Info will be transferred to LTM if it is:
- Considered
- Understood
- Has meaning.
What are the 3 levels of processing verbal info?
- Structural level, paying attention to what words look like
- Phonetic level, processing words and sounds
- Semantic level, considering the actual meaning of words
E.g. a gymnastics coach explains why it is important to tuck in a somersault to ensure greater rotation. The performer is more likely to understand why the tuck is important and therefore more likely to remember it
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Craik and Lockhart’s levels if processing model?
Advantages
- Explains that if we understand info, we are likely to remember it
- Explains that the longer we consider and analyse info, the more we remember it
Disadvantages
- The longer it takes to process info does not always lead to better recall
- It is hard to know what ‘deep’ processing involves
- It does not take into account individual differences.
How can our memory be improved?
- Rehearsal, a tennis player will rehearse a serve
- Meaningfulness, a gymnastics coach explains why it is important to tuck in a somersault to ensure greater rotation
- Association, a tennis coach will show the player new info regarding a serve is just an adaption to the old serve
- Avoiding overload, a tennis coach will only give the player a few points to remember before the match
- Organising info, a trampolinist will remember a complex sequence by mentally putting together small moves to make bigger ones
- Mental imagery, the trampoline coach demonstrates the move or shows a video of the sequence so that the performer can remember it more effectively.
