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BIOL 3321 - cell and molecular bio > transcription + translation > Flashcards

transcription + translation Flashcards

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1
Q

what enzyme carried out transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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2
Q

how many RNA pol enzymes are there in prokaryotes

A

1

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3
Q

how many RNA pol enzymes are there in eukaryotes

A

3

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4
Q

what is the role of RNA pol I

A

makes rRNA

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5
Q

what is the role of RNA pol II

A

makes mRNA, snRNAs, siRNAs, miRNAs

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6
Q

what is the role of RNA pol III

A

makes tRNA, 5S rRNA, and various stable small RNAs

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7
Q

what type of domain does RNA pol II possess

A

a CTD (C-terminal domain)

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8
Q

describe the structure of the CTD on RNA pol II

A

made up of a 7 amino acid sequence in humans that’s repeated 52 times

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9
Q

what is the role of the CTD domain on RNA pol II

A

it becomes phosphorylated during transcription initiation + is involved in capping the RNA transcript + attachment to the spliceosome for RNA splicing

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10
Q

what is a gene

A

a unit of DNA that contains the information necessary to specify the synthesis of a functional product (ie protein or functional RNA)

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11
Q

define transcription unit

A

each transcribed section of DNA

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12
Q

how many genes are in a transcription unit in eukaryotes

A

one gene

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13
Q

how many genes are in transcription units in prokaryotes

A

several genes

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14
Q

what are transcription units called in prokaryotes

A

operons

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15
Q

define operon

A

a segment of DNA that contains a set of adjacent structural genes that are all transcribed as one unit

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16
Q

T or F: operons are present in all cell types

A

false; only prokaryotes

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17
Q

T or F: prokaryotic transcription units contain introns

A

false; prokaryotes have no introns, only eukaryotes do

18
Q

describe the organization of eukaryotic genes since they aren’t together on an operon

A

genes are interspersed to different chromosomes

19
Q

T or F: transcription and translation occur all in one go in prokaryotes

A

true

20
Q

T or F: transcription and translation occur all in one go in eukaryotes

A

false; they happen independently

21
Q

what must happen to eukaryotic mRNA before it can leave the nucleus and be translated

A

must be processed to become mature mRNA

22
Q

what happens in mRNA processing

A

addition of 5’ cap, addition of poly-A tail, and intron splicing

23
Q

how does RNA know where to start transcription

A

there is a promoter, which is a specific sequence upstream of a gene that is recognized by the enzyme with the help of transcription factors

24
Q

what do transcription factors do

A

help RNA pol recognize the promoter so it can start initiation of transcription

25
Q

which way does synthesis of mRNA occur

A

3-5 on the strand, or 5-3 of the NEW strand

26
Q

which end is the start of a gene: 5’ or 3’

A

5’ is the start

27
Q

what helper protein is required by RNA pol in prokaryotes

A

a sigma factor

28
Q

describe the role of the sigma factor in prokaryotes

A

it binds (and is now called the RNA pol holoenzyme), and it helps pol bind tightly to the promoter

29
Q

what helper proteins are required for RNA pol in eukaryotes

A

general transcription factors: TFIIH. TFIID, TFIIB

30
Q

what is the role of the general transcription factors + what do they do in initiation

A

position RNA pol at the promoter, pull apart DNA, release RNA pol from promoter so elongation can occur

31
Q

list the four consensus sequences in eukaryotes

A

TATA, BRE, INR, and DPE

32
Q

how is the TATA box involved in transcription

A

it’s 30bp upstream of the start site, and the TBP domain of TFIID recognizes it

33
Q

what is heterochromatin

A

highly condensed regions of chromosomes

34
Q

what is euchromatin

A

less condensed regions of chromosomes

35
Q

describe how chromosomes assemble in eukaryotes

A

become condensed and wrap around histones to form nucleosomes

36
Q

T or F: genes in heterochromatin are hard to transcribe

A

true; because heterochromatin is very condensed

37
Q

what extra stuff is required for DNA transcription in heterochromatin

A

activators, mediators, and chromatin-modifying enzymes

38
Q

what physical things are required for translation to occur

A

mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and various protein factors

39
Q

what are the three stages of translation

A

initiation, elongation, termination

40
Q

what are the three steps of translation elongation

A

aminoacyl tRNA binding
transpeptidation
translocation

BIOL 3321 - cell and molecular bio (19 decks)

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