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BIOL 3321 - cell and molecular bio > stem cells > Flashcards

stem cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three types of stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells

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2
Q

how is a zygote created

A

sperm fuses with an egg

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3
Q

in early mammalian development, what happens to the zygote once its formed

A

undergoes cleavage

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4
Q

what does cleavage of a zygote produce

A

an eight-celled stage

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5
Q

at the eight-celled stage of a cleaved zygote, each cell is ___potent

A

totipotent

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6
Q

define totipotent

A

each cell has the potential to form every tissue (embryonic and extraembryonic)

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7
Q

what is formed after the eight-celled mass undergoes cleavage

A

morula

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8
Q

how many cells in a morula

A

16

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9
Q

what is formed after a morula

A

blastocyst

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10
Q

how many cells in a blastocyst

A

64

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11
Q

what is a morula

A

has 16 cells, the cells are a compact + solid mass

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12
Q

at what stage of zygote cleavage do we get our first differentiation event

A

the 64 cell stage (blastocyst)

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13
Q

what two cell types are generated in the blastocyst stage (the differentiation event)

A

trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM)

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14
Q

where is the inner cell mass of a blastocyst located

A

on one side of the blastocoel

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15
Q

what is the blastocoel

A

the fluid-filled cavity within the blastocyst

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16
Q

what is the trophectoderm of a blastocyst

A

it forms a hollow ball around the ICM and the blastocoel

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17
Q

from which part of the blastocyst can embryonic stem cells be isolated from

A

they’re isolated from the inner cell mass

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18
Q

T or F: ES cells can be grown indefinitely in culture

A

true

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19
Q

ES cells are ___potent

A

pluripotent

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20
Q

define pluripotent

A

they can differentiate into a wide range of cell types of the three primary germ layers (ie into cells that are NOT extraembryonic)

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21
Q

what is an example of an extra-embryonic cell

A

placental cells

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22
Q

what type of cells can ES cells differentiate into

A

cell types of the three primary germ layers

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23
Q

describe how we would use ES cells to grow tissue in a mouse

A

isolate the ES cells from the ICM of the early embryo/blastocyst, then culture them. Inject a clump into the recipient blastocyst and then these will be incorporated into the ICM of the host blastocyst, and then the blastocyst will differentiate into tissue

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24
Q

therapeutic uses of ES cells?

A

restore or replace any damaged tissue

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25
Q

give three examples of cell types that ES cells can differentiate into

A

liver, nerve, blood

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26
Q

how can we make ES cells differentiate into different cell types

A

different culture conditions = different types of differentiated cells

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27
Q

other than different cell types, what can ES cells give rise to?

A

organoids

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28
Q

define organoid

A

an organ-like structure

29
Q

how are organoids produced

A

by using ES cells

30
Q

list 3 problems with ES cells

A

ethical issues, immune rejection, and formation of teratomas

31
Q

what is a teratoma

A

a benign tumor

32
Q

how does one get a teratoma

A

arises if you have ES cells that haven’t differentiated

33
Q

what is the full name for iPS cells

A

induced pluripotent stem cells

34
Q

what did Shinya Yamanka do

A

came up with a procedure that allowed them to reprogram a differentiated mouse cell back to a pluripotent stem cell

35
Q

how are iPS cells similar to ES cells

A

they are pluripotent and can divide indefinitely

36
Q

T or F: iPS cells are totipotent

A

false; they are pluripotent

37
Q

T or F: iPS cells can divide indefinitely

A

true

38
Q

describe in simple terms how iPS cells are made, starting with a differentiated cell (ie skin fibroblast cell)

A

skin fibroblast cell gets 4 regulator genes added to it = iPS cell

39
Q

advantages of iPS cells

A

no ethical problems, can generate tissue-compatible iPS cells

40
Q

problems with iPS cells?

A

lengthy and inefficient process, heterogeneity in the population of cells produced, undifferentiated iPS cells can result in a teratoma

41
Q

why are adult stem cells important

A

many cells in the body need to constantly be replaced, and this = loss of differentiated cells, so adult stem cells supply new ones = organ homeostasis

42
Q

when an adult stem cell is made, what are the two options for it

A

differentiation or self-renewal

43
Q

what are progenitor cells

A

kinda like precursor cells: arise when an adult stem cell is undergoing differentiation but hasn’t gone all the way yet (ie it’s a population that’s made on the way)

44
Q

T or F: the choice for adult stem cells to either differentiate or self-renew must be kept in balance

A

true

45
Q

where in the body do adult stem cells hang out when either self renewing or differentiating

A

in stem cell niches

46
Q

what is a stem cell niche

A

a microenvironment in tissues

47
Q

list 3 self renewing tissues

A

skin, intestinal epithelium, and blood

48
Q

what 2 types of differentiated cells can divide and self renew without the aid of stem cells

A

pancreatic-B cells and liver cells

49
Q

which tissues in mammals can’t renew bc they lack stem cells

A

auditory epithelium, and the retinal photoreceptive epithelium

50
Q

adult stem cells are ___potent

A

multipotent

51
Q

define multipotent

A

can generate a limited number of different cell types

52
Q

in the small intestine, where are stem cells located

A

in crypts

53
Q

what are crypts of the small intestine

A

the little cavern things of villi

54
Q

describe the movement of stem cells in the small intestine as they differentiate

A

they move from the crypt to the top of the villus

55
Q

what 4 cells can adult stem cells differentiate into within the small intestine

A

enterocyte, tuft cell, enteroendocrine cell, and goblet cell

56
Q

list the 2 major blood cell types

A

RBCs and WBCs

57
Q

list the types of WBCs

A

granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, and natural killer cells

58
Q

where are blood cells produced

A

bone marrow

59
Q

T or F: all blood cell types are produced by a single stem cell type

A

true!

60
Q

what stem cell type produces every blood cell

A

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

61
Q

what do hematopoietic stem cells do

A

they produce blood cells

62
Q

other than blood cells, what two types of cells do hematopoietic cells produce

A

myeloid progenitor cell or lymphoid progenitor cell

63
Q

myeloid progenitor cells are __potent

A

multipotent

64
Q

lymphoid progenitor cells are __potent

A

multipotent

65
Q

T or F: myeloid progenitor + lymphoid progenitor cells are stem cells

A

false! they are not stem cells

66
Q

why are myeloid/lymphoid progenitor cells not considered stem cells, even if they are multipotent

A

they are not capable of continued self-renewal

67
Q

what cells do lymphoid progenitor cells produce

A

T cells, B cells, NK celsl

68
Q

what cells do myeloid progenitor cells produce

A

dendritic, granulocytes, macrophages, platelets, and RBCs

BIOL 3321 - cell and molecular bio (19 decks)

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