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BIOL 3321 - cell and molecular bio > apoptosis > Flashcards

apoptosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is another term for apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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2
Q

T or F: apoptosis is necessary during all stages of an animals life

A

true

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3
Q

roughly how many cells in the adult body die due to apoptosis every day

A

10^10-10^11

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4
Q

what types of cells need to undergo apoptosis

A

those that are damaged, nonfunctional, or have already done their job

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5
Q

what happens when there is a failure to carry out apoptosis

A

disease, ie cancer

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6
Q

what happens when there is unnecessary apoptosis

A

disease, ie alzheimers, parkinson’s, or type 1 diabetes

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7
Q

in regards to apoptosis, what are two ways that disease can occur

A

when there is a failure to carry out apoptosis, or if there is unnecessary apoptosis

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8
Q

in apoptosis, what happens to cell shape

A

shrinks

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9
Q

in apoptosis, what happens to chromosomes

A

they condense

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10
Q

in apoptosis, what happens to nuclear envelope

A

it disintegrates

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11
Q

in apoptosis, what happens to the membrane

A

blebbing

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12
Q

in apoptosis, what happens to DNA

A

fragmentation

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13
Q

in apoptosis, what happens to cytoplasm and nucleus fragments

A

they form apoptotic bodies

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14
Q

in apoptosis, what happens to apoptotic bodies formed by nuclear fragments + cytoplasm

A

phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by macrophages

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15
Q

what do we use to detect chromatin condensation in the lab

A

Hoescht-33342

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16
Q

what is Hoescht-33342

A

a cell permeable fluorescent DNA-binding stain

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17
Q

what is necrossis

A

a process whereby a cell dies due to an acute insult

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18
Q

in necrosis, what happens to the cell shape

A

swelling

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19
Q

in necrosis, what happens to the membrane

A

membrane breaks down

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20
Q

which is explosion: apoptosis or necrosis

A

necrosis

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21
Q

which is implosion: apoptosis or necrosis

A

apoptosis

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22
Q

in which organism was apoptosis discovered

A

C elegans

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23
Q

how was apoptosis discovered in C elegans + how does this apply to humans

A

4 genes were found to play a role in apoptosis, and then homologs of these proteins were found in mammals

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24
Q

name the family of proteases found in mammals but not nematodes

A

caspases

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25
what are caspases
a family of proteases
26
in simple terms, what is the function of a caspase
they mediate apoptosis
27
what type of protease is a caspase
it's a Cysteine protease
28
where do caspases cleave proteins
at sites C terminal to Aspartate residues
29
what what site does caspase-8 make a cleavage
D215
30
how many caspases do humans have
14
31
T or F: all human caspases are involved in apoptosis
false; not all of them are
32
what are the two types of caspases
initiator and executioner
33
which caspases are initiator
8 and 9
34
which caspases are executioner
3, 6, 7
35
what do initiator caspases do
activate executioner caspases
36
what do executioner caspases do
cleave the target
37
how do caspases exist in the cell
exist as precursors
38
T or F: once a cell is triggered to undergo apoptosis, there is no turning back
TRUE
39
list 5 target proteins that are cleaved during apoptosis
nuclear lamins cell-cell adhesion molecules cytoskeletal proteins iCAD PARP
40
what does iCAD stand for
inhibitor of CAD
41
what does CAD stand for
caspase-activated DNase
42
is CAD active or inactive when iCAD is bound
inactive
43
what happens to iCAD upon apoptosis initiation
iCAD is cleaved
44
what cleaves iCAD in apoptosis initiation
caspase-3
45
in apoptosis initiation, what does CAD do once iCAD is cleaved off of it
it cleaves DNA at sites between the nucleosomes
46
what is the result of CAD cleaving DNA at sites between nucleosomes
DNA laddering effect (ie dif fragments of DNA with lengths that differ by ~200bp)
47
what is the role of PARP
PARP helps cells to repair themselves after DNA damage
48
what two types of breaks does PARP help with
single stranded and double stranded breaks
49
what does PARP stand for
poly ADP ribose polymerase
50
how many kD is the active form of PARP
116 kD
51
what targets the active form of PARP
caspase-3
52
what happens to the active form of PARP after it's cleaved by caspase-3
produces the inactive form of PARP
53
how many kD is the inactive form of PARP
89 + 27 kD
54
why is the presence of inactive PARP evidence of apoptosis
because active PARP was cleaved into two fragments by casp-3
55
if cells are undergoing apoptosis, do we want PARP to be active or inactive
inactive
56
what are the two types of apoptosis pathways
intrinsic and extrinsic
57
what is another term for the intrinsic pathway
the mitochondrial pathway
58
what family of proteins controls the intrinsic pathway
Bcl2 family
59
what is the role of the Bcl2 family of proteins
control the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis
60
how many classes are within the Bcl2 family
3
61
describe the relationship between the 3 Bcl2 classes
they all share homology in up to 4 characteristic regions: called the Bcl2 homology domains or BH 1-4 domains
62
what two types of functions will the Bcl2 proteins have
they will either be pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic
63
what do anti-apoptotic proteins do
inhibit apoptosis
64
what do pro-apoptotic proteins do
induce apoptosis
65
Bcl2 is an __-apoptotic protein
anti
66
where is Bcl2 found
in the OMM
67
how does Bcl2 function
it prevents the release of Cyt c and other proteins in the intermembrane space from diffusing into the cytosol, which would activate apoptotic caspases
68
would cyt c diffusing into the cytosol activate or inhibit apoptosis
activate
69
what type of apoptotic proteins are Bak and Bax
pro apoptotic
70
where are Bak and Bax found
OMM
71
how do Bak and Bax promote apoptosis
they form channels in the OMM = release of cyt c
72
what is MOMP
mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization
73
how can Bcl2 interact with Bak/Bax
Bcl2 binds to them, inhibiting their oligomerization = no apoptosis
74
what are survival factors
specific extracellular signals that cells need to stay alive
75
T or F: in the presence of survival factors, apoptosis is inhibited
true
76
T or F: in the presence of a trophic factor, apoptosis occurs
false; the cell survives
77
T or F: in the absence of a trophic factor, apoptosis occurs
true
78
describe why the cell survives when trophic factors are present (hint: Bad is a pro apoptotic protein)
trophic factor binds to receptor = signaling pathway = Bad becomes phosphorylated. Phosphorylated Bad interacts with the 14-3-3 protein which inhibits its activity, so Bad cannot promote apoptosis
79
Is Bad pro or anti apoptotic
pro
80
in the presence of a trophic factor in the intrinsic pathway why does Bad not initiate apoptosis even tho it's pro-apoptotic?
Bad becomes phosphorylated and then interacts with the 14-3-3 protein which inhibits it's activity = no apoptosis
81
describe the intrinsic pathway in the absence of a trophic factor
Bad does not become phosphorylated, and so it binds to Bcl2 which causes the release of Bak/Bax, which now form a channel in the OMM. Cyt c goes through the channel into the cytosol = apoptosis is activated
82
how does cyt c release activate apoptosis
cyt c binds to Apaf-1, which causes it to assemble into the apoptosome, and then caspases become activated
83
what does cyt c bind to when it activates apoptosis
Apaf-1
84
what does Apaf-1 assemble into during apoptosis activation
the apoptosome
85
what is another term for the apoptosome
the wheel of death
86
how is the apoptosome formed
cyt c binds to Apaf-1, which then causes it to interact with other Apaf-1s
87
which initiator caspase is activated when the apoptosome is formed
9
88
upon activation of caspase-9 after the formation of the apoptosome, which executioner caspase is cleaved/activated
3
89
what type of apoptotic proteins are Bim and Puma
pro apoptotic
90
describe how Bim and Puma play a role in apoptosis activation
they can bind to Bcl2 and cause it to release from Bak/Bax
91
when are Bim and Puma produced
produced in response to apoptotic stimuli
92
when does the extrinsic pathway occur
occurs when certain cells produce specific death signals that bind to death receptors
93
is the Fas ligand the death signal or the death receptor
the death signal
94
is Fas the death signal or the death receptor
the death receptor
95
what is the fas ligans
a membrane bound protein
96
on which type of cell is the fas ligand found
on cytotoxic T cells
97
on which type of cell is the Fas receptor found
on virally infected cells
98
describe the extrinsic pathway
the Fas ligand on a cytotoxic T cell binds to the Fas receptor on a virally infected cell. Initiator caspase-8 is activated, which then activates several executioner caspases = apoptosis
99
which initiator caspase is found in the extrinsic pathway
8

BIOL 3321 - cell and molecular bio (19 decks)

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