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Biology > transcription and translation > Flashcards

transcription and translation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

genome

A

complete set of genes in a cell

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2
Q

proteome

A

set of proteins that a gene codes for.

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3
Q

What occurs during transcription?

A

The DNA code of a gene is converted to a string of code on an mRNA molecule in the nucleus.

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4
Q

What occurs during translation?

A

Once the strand of mRNA travels to the cytoplasm, the code is translated into a sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide.

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5
Q

what is made during transcription?

A

mRNA

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6
Q

where does transcription take place in eukaryotic cells?

A

the nucleus

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7
Q

where does translation take place?

A

the cytoplasm.

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8
Q

There are 6 steps in transcription. What is the first step?

A

The hydrogen bonds between the 2 DNA strands break.

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9
Q

what is the second step in transcription?

A

One of the strands of the DNA acts as a template.

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10
Q

What is the third step in transcription?

A

Free RNA nucleotides line up to the exposed bases on the template strand by complementary base pairing.

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11
Q

What is the fourth step in transcription?

A

On the RNA strand, base T is replaced by U, and so base A on the template strand is paired with base U on the single mRNA strand.

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12
Q

What is the fifth step in transcription?

A

Adjacent RNA nucleotides are joined together by RNA polymerase by phosphodiester bonds.

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13
Q

What is the sixth step in transcription?

A

Finally introns are removed/spliced from pre-mRNA to form mRNA.

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14
Q

introns

A

non-coding protein

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15
Q

what happens to introns?

A

they are spliced out of pre-mRNA to produce the final mRNA strand.

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16
Q

where does transcription take place in prokaryotic cells?

A

Transcription takes place in the cytoplasm.

17
Q

does prokaryotic DNA contain intorns?

A

no - so splicing is not necessary.

18
Q

When rRNA reaches a … it stops making … and detaches from the DNA.

A

When rRNA reaches a stop codon it stops making mRNA and detaches from the DNA.

19
Q

Once RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA, mRNA…

A

… moves out of the nucleus through a nuclear pore and attaches to a ribosome in the protein.

20
Q

where does translation take place?

A

at the ribosomes of the cytoplasm.

21
Q

each tRNA molecule has an …

A

amino acid binding site at one end and an anti-codon at the other end.

22
Q

what is an anti-codon?

A

3 bases at one end of a tRNA molecule.

23
Q

what bonds are formed during translation?

A

peptide bonds form between amino acids. This makes a polypeptide chain which goes on to form a protein.

24
Q

how are amino acids joined together in translation?

A

they are joined together using the sequence of codons carried by the mRNA.

25
Q

each amino acid is joined to its own …

A

… its on tRNA molecule.

26
Q

how many different types of tRNA molecules are there?

A

20 - one for each amino acids.

27
Q

what is a tRNA molecule?

A

tRNA is a single stranded molecule folded into a clover shape which is stabilised by H bonds.

28
Q

How many stages of translation are there?

A

6

29
Q

what is the first stage of translation?

A

In the cytoplasm, the mRNA attaches to a ribosome.

30
Q

what is the second stage of translation?

A

The anticodons on a specific tRNA molecule bind to complementary codons on the mRNA

31
Q

what is the third stage of translation?

A

The tRNA molecule brings with it a specific amino acid coded for by the mRNA codon.

32
Q

what is the fourth stage of translation?

A

The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds using energy released by ATP.

33
Q

what is the fifth stage of translation?

A

The tRNA molecule is released once its amino acid has been bonded to the other amino acids.

34
Q

what is the sixth stage of translation?

A

The ribosome moves along the mRNA molecule until the polypeptide is complete.

35
Q

differences between mRNA and tRNA:

A

mRNA = linear tRNA = clover shaped

mRNA = varied lengths tRNA = all same lengths

mRNA = many different types tRNA = limited number of types (20)

mRNA = no H bonding tRNA = H bonding.

Biology (27 decks)

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