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[OS 206] 1st Exam > Trans - GI Histology > Flashcards

Trans - GI Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Germ layer origin of the proctodeum and stomodeum

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

Germ layer origin of the gut

A

Endoderm, except for proctodeum and stomodeum

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3
Q

Area of referred pain from the foregut

A

Epigastric region

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4
Q

Area of referred pain from the midgut

A

Periumbilical region

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5
Q

Area of referred pain from the hindgut

A

Hypogastric region

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6
Q

Embryonic precursor of foregut

A

Preenteron

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7
Q

Embryonic precursor of midgut

A

Mesenteron

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8
Q

Embryonic precursor of hindgut

A

Metenteron

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9
Q

Layers of the gut from internal to external

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa / tunica muscularis
  4. Serosa / adventitia
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10
Q

Meissner’s plexus is located in the:

A

Submucosa

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11
Q

Meissner’s plexus: function

A

Parasympathetic innervation to control contraction of the GIT

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12
Q

Auerbach’s plexus is located in the:

A

Tunica muscularis

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13
Q

Auerbach’s plexus: function

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic motor innervation to tunica muscularis

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14
Q

Difference of serosa and adventitia

A

Serosa – with mesothelium (peritoneal or mesothelial pleura)

Adventitia – without mesothelium, lining is continuous with tissues or organs

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15
Q

Most numerous tongue papillae

A

Filiform

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16
Q

Least numerous tongue papillae

A

Circumvallate

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17
Q

Separates anterior and posterior tongue

A

Sulcus terminalis

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18
Q

What glands are associated with the circumvallate papillae?

A

Glands of von Ebner

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19
Q

Glands of von Ebner: function

A

Lubrication, solvent for dissolving food

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20
Q

Epithelium of oropharynx

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing

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21
Q

Epithelium of esophagus

A

Stratified squamous thinly keratinized epithelium

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22
Q

Composition of muscularis externa in esophagus

A

Varying depending on segment

Upper 1/3 – purely striated
Middle 1/3 – mixed striated and smooth
Lower 1/3 – purely smooth

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23
Q

Process by which undamaged cells from the bottom of the gastric pits migrate to denuded basal lamina

A

Mucosal restitution

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24
Q

How to histologically differentiate the different parts of the stomach

A

The different parts of the stomach vary only in mucosal glands

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25
Q

Longitudinal folds in stomach

A

Rugae

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26
Q

Depressions in rugae lining the entire stomach

A

Gastric pits / foveolae

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27
Q

Epithelium of stomach

A

Simple columnar

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28
Q

3 layers of muscularis externa in stomach

A
  1. Longitudinal – outermost, complete at pylorus
  2. Circular – middle, complete, forms pyloric sphincter
  3. Oblique – innermost, incomplete, thickest at cardia
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29
Q

Where are the gastric oxyntic glands found?

A

Gastric fundus and body

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30
Q

Cells in gastric oxyntic glands

A
  1. Mucus neck cells
  2. Chief cells
  3. Parietal / oxyntic cells
  4. Enteroendocrine / GI endocrine cells / APUD cells
  5. Stem cells
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31
Q

Mucus neck cells: function

A

Secrete mucus for protection and lubrication

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32
Q

Chief cells: function

A

Secrete pepsinogen

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33
Q

Parietal cells: function

A

Secrete HCl and gastric intrinsic factor (for absorption of Vit. B12)

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34
Q

APUD cells: function

A

Produce hormones which influence activity of other cells in the stomach

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35
Q

APUD stands for

A

APUD – Amine Precursor Uptake Decarboxylase

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36
Q

Most numerous cells in gastric oxyntic glands

A

Chief cells

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37
Q

Most conspicuous cells in gastric oxyntic glands

A

Parietal cells

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38
Q

Cardiac glands: appearance, location

A

Slender, tubular, branched at lower end

Located near gastroesophageal junction

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39
Q

Pyloric glands: appearance, location, function

A

Tortuous, branched, larger lumen

Found in deep foveolae of pylorus

Secrete mucus and lysozyme

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40
Q

Crescentic folds of mucosa and submucosa in intestine

A

Plicae circulares / Valves of Kerkring

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41
Q

Plicae circulares are most abundant in ________ and least in ______

A

Most abundant – jejunum

Least abundant – ileum

42
Q

Structure of villi

A

Mucosal projections with a core of lamina propria, smooth muscle, central lamina

43
Q

Villi are most numerous in ________

A

Duodenum and proximal jejunum

44
Q

Striated border of absorptive cells

A

Microvilli

45
Q

Special features of adluminal surface of absorptive cells

A

Secrete protein hydrolases, disscaccharidases, carrier proteins

46
Q

Special features of basolateral surface of absorptive cells

A

Na-K ATPase, receptors

47
Q

Invaginations between bases of villi extending to muscularis mucosa

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

48
Q

Part of the intestine with the highest turnover rate

A

Jejunum (3-6 days)

49
Q

The upper half of the crypts of Lieberkuhn is (a)________, while the lower half contains (b)________

A

Continuous with villi epithelium

Stem cells and Paneth cells

50
Q

Paneth cell – function

A

Immunological due to presence of lysosomes

51
Q

Confluent lymphoid follicles in the terminal ileum

A

Peyer’s patches

52
Q

Specialized epithelial cells overlying lymphoid follicles

53
Q

Brunner’s gland – location, function

A

Located in duodenum, secrete alkaline mucus and epithelial growth factor (modulates parietal cell secretion and rate of cell proliferation)

54
Q

The muscularis externa is thickened at the terminal ileum to form the:

A

Ileocecal sphincter

55
Q

Only beneficial substances in the large intestine

A

Water, electrolytes, vitamin K

56
Q

T/F: There is an increase in the number of goblet cells in the more distal portions of the large intestine

57
Q

Shallow sacculations in the colon

58
Q

T/F: The longitudinal muscle layers of the ascending, transverse, and descending colons are incomplete

A

T. It is concentrated into the taenia coli

59
Q

Enumerate the taenia coli

A
  1. Free
  2. Mesenteric
  3. Omental
60
Q

Accumulations of adipose tissue in the serosa/adventitia of the colon

A

Appendices epiploicae

61
Q

Serosa is found in which regions of the colon

A

Anterior regions of the ascending, descending, and transverse colons

62
Q

Dilated lower portion of the rectum

A

Rectal ampullae

63
Q

T/F: The longitudinal muscle layer of the entire large intestine is incomplete

A

F. Taenia coli disappear at the level of the rectum

64
Q

T/F: Rectum has more serosa than adventitia

65
Q

Longitudinal mucosal folds in the anus

A

Columns of Morgagni

66
Q

What anal sphincter is voluntary?

A

External anal sphincter

67
Q

What anal sphincter is involuntary?

A

Internal anal sphincter

68
Q

Most common location of the appendix

A

Retrocecal

69
Q

The appendix has a (thick/thin) submucosa, and a (thick/thin) muscularis

A

Thick submucosa

Thin muscularis

70
Q

Fibrous tissue capsule around the liver

A

Glisson’s capsule

71
Q

Von Kupffer cells – function

A

Phagocytic cells that eliminate damaged RBCs and bacteria

72
Q

Beginning of bile drainage system

A

Bile canaliculus

73
Q

Space between hepatocyte and sinusoid

A

Space of Disse

74
Q

Space of Disse – function

A

Space where non bile products such as albumin and fibrinogen are released

75
Q

Classical lobule

A

Anatomic concept:

Hexagonal structure

Central point is central vein
Portal triad is found in corners

76
Q

Portal lobule

A

Physiologic concept

Triangular structure

Center is portal triad
Central veins found in corners

77
Q

Special features of zone 1 and zone 3 of hepatic acinus

A

Zone 1 receives most oxygenated blood

Zone 3 most affected by drugs, lipid accumulation

78
Q

Diverticulum of common hepatic duct on visceral surface of the liver

A

Gallbladder

79
Q

Folding of mucous membrane at the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct

A

Spiral valve of Heister

80
Q

Outpocketings near the neck of the gallbladder that may be a consequence of inflammation, absent in newborns

A

Rokitansky-Aschkoff sinuses

81
Q

T/F: The gallbladder has no muscularis mucosa but has a distinct submucosa

A

F. It has no muscularis mucosa and no distinct submucosa

82
Q

Function of the pancreas

A

Exocrine – secretion of pancreatic juice

Endocrine – secretion of insulin and glucagon

83
Q

Initial portion of pancreatic ductal system

A

Centroacinar cells

84
Q

T/F: Pancreatic cells are highly eosinophilic

A

F. They are mostly basophilic

85
Q

Pathway of pancreatic juice from acinus to pancreatic duct

A

Acinus –> intercalated duct –> intralobular duct –> interlobular duct –> pancreatic duct

86
Q

T/F: The pancreas has no striated ducts

87
Q

Salivary duct of parotid

A

Stensen’s duct

88
Q

Salivary duct of submandibular gland

A

Wharton’s duct

89
Q

Salivary duct of sublingual gland

A

Duct of Rivinus

90
Q

Where does the Stensen’s duct open

A

Opposite 2nd upper molar

91
Q

Where do the duct of Rivinus and the Wharton’s duct open

A

Mouth floor

92
Q

Type of secretion: parotid

93
Q

Type of secretion: submandibular

94
Q

Type of secretion: sublingual

95
Q

Histological appearance of mucous salivary gland

A

Single layer of plump pyramidal cells, nucleus displaced to base due to mucin

96
Q

Histological appearance of serous salivary gland

A

Columnar/truncated pyramidal cells, apical cytoplasm filled with secretory granules

97
Q

Histological appearance of mixed salivary gland

A

Proximal mucous cells covered with a distal crescentic cap of dark staining serous demilunes

98
Q

Path of saliva through salivary ducts (from inside to out)

A

Intercalated –> striated –> interlobular –> main

99
Q

Intercalated salivary duct – epithelium

A

Low cuboidal

100
Q

Main salivary duct – epithelium

A

Stratified columnar

101
Q

Striated salivary ducts – cause of striations

A

Vertically oriented mitochondria of cells

102
Q

Striated salivary ducts – epithelium

A

Tall columnar epithelium

[OS 206] 1st Exam (12 decks)

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