Trait Approach 2

Question 1

According to Murray, what is the need for achievement?

Answer 1

Desire to accomplish something difficult and attain a higher standard can be assessed with TAT

Question 2

What are some characteristics of a high-need achiever?

Answer 2

Take moderate risks, tackle work with a lot of energy, bored with routine, enjoy personal responsibility and concrete feedbacks

Question 3

Why is need for achievement not correlated with performance?

Answer 3

Because success/performance in business world requires delegation, which they are not good at

Question 4

What is a difference between men and women’s need for achievement?

Answer 4

Men: externalize success by measures of prestige and recognition
Women internalize success by measure of personal accomplishment and satisfaction. Women also have different priorities, such as client happiness and family.

Question 5

What is the difference between collectivist and individualistic cultures?

Answer 5

Collectivist cultures view success as cooperation and group works with concern about other’s well-being.
Individualistic cultures view success as personal accomplishment and competition with others

Question 6

What are attributions?

Answer 6

The things people attribute success to, which determines how they feel about their and others’ performance

Question 7

How do you increase someone’s achievement motivation? What studyt was done?

Answer 7

Change their attribution pattern. After a midterm, half of the students in the class were sent to attributional training session = better grades and GPA after.

Question 8

What do attributions predict?

Answer 8

How people react to success or failure

Question 9

What are the three dimensions of attributions?

Answer 9

1. Stability dimension: explains performance by stable cause (intelligence) or unstable cause (luck)
2. Locus dimension: explains performance on internal (amount of effort) or external (difficulty) attributions
3. Control dimension: whether the outcome can be controlled

Question 10

What achievement goal theory?

Answer 10

Motives vary according to the kind of goals one sets and how they support its achievement.

Question 11

What are the two types of goals?

Answer 11

1. Mastery goals: developing competences and satisfaction from sense of proficiency
2. Performance goal: demonstrating achievement to others and satisfaction from receiving recognition

Question 12

What are the two types of valence of goals?

Answer 12

1. Positive/approach: desire to achieve a goal
2. Negative/avoidance: avoiding negative consequences of failing a goal

Question 13

Which goal is better to have?

Answer 13

Mastery goals are the best; people tend to retain more information, choose harder classes and do better in group work

Question 14

Can performance goals be good?

Answer 14

They can be okay when it is approach performance goal

Question 15

What is Type A vs. B?

Answer 15

A continuum of personality: competition, power, and recognition vs easy-going and relax

Question 16

What are the three characteristics of type A?

Answer 16

1. Higher competitive need than B
2. Sense of time urgency
3. More likely to express anger

Question 17

Why does type A often outperform type B?

Answer 17

Because they set higher standard and are more competitive

Question 18

How is type A related to health?

Answer 18

Type A is related to more hostility, which is correlated with coronary diseases

Question 19

What study was done on Type A and health?

Answer 19

Type A who wore blood pressure monitor saw big spike in blood pressure when frustrated. Not applicable to women

Question 20

What is social anxiety?

Answer 20

Anxiety related to social interactions which lead to physiological arousal, inability to concentrateand nervosity.

Question 21

Why are people anxious?

Answer 21

Because of evaluative apprehension, people reduce social interaction or use self-protective strategies in social interactions, making them appear unfriendly and distant because they fear negative evaluation.

Question 22

What are emotions?

Answer 22

Stable personal characteristics divided into: affectivity, intensity and expressiveness

Question 23

What is emotional affectivity?

Answer 23

Extent to which one experiences positive or negative emotions. High positive emotions (active, strong, elated) vs low positive emotions (drowsy, dull) and high negative emotions (angry, nervous, fearful) vs/ low negative emotions (calm, relaxed, placid)

Question 24

High positive affect predicts…?

Answer 24

Someone social that acts in attractive way and tends to be happy

Question 25

Are positive and negative affects related?

Answer 25

Early research believed that both affects were independent; today however, research points to the more intuitive notion that being high in one equals being low in the other

Question 26

Why do people high in negative affect experience more health issues?

Answer 26

Possibly difficulty dealing with stress

Question 27

Is it better to be low or high in affect?

Answer 27

Both are good, simply different. However, they do experience happiness differently (exhilarating vs. contentment)

Question 28

What is emotional expressiveness?

Answer 28

Someone’s outward display of emotions that is relatively stable over time

Question 29

What is dispotional optimism?

Answer 29

Extent to which people have a positive viewpoint. Results in more effective priorization of goals and beliefs in reaching those goals.

Question 30

The continuum of optimism-pessimism is…?

Answer 30

Stable over life, advantages optimist and related to cultures (more pessimism in collectivist cultures)

Question 31

How do optimists deal with adversity?

Answer 31

They experience less anxiety and depression and they use more active coping strategies compared to pessimists.