Behavioral Approach II

Question 1

What are gender roles?

Answer 1

Expectations our culture has for the way men and women behave

Question 2

According to behaviorism, what is the cause of gender role? What is that?

Answer 2

Gender-role socialization: gender roles are acquired and maintained through operant conditioning and observation learning

Question 3

When does gender-role socialization begin?

Answer 3

Very young before babies can talk

Question 4

What is evidence that parents discriminate between sons and daughters?

Answer 4

They play and speak differently with daughters, girls received more dolls and toy furniture and children themselves choose more gender appropriate toys on their own

Question 5

According to behaviorist, who has the biggest influence on observational learning of gender roles?

Answer 5

Parents, which explains why gender-role behavior resembles that of parents

Question 6

What masculinity or femininity?

Answer 6

Degree to which people typically act in terms of male or female gender roles

Question 7

What are the other names for femininity and masculinity?

Answer 7

Communion: attachment, cooperation and interpersonal relationship
agency: control, independence and assertiveness

Question 8

At first, how was femininity and masculinity measured?

Answer 8

It was measured as a single continuum

Question 9

Today, how do researchers perceive femininity and masculinity?

Answer 9

They view it as two independent traits, where people can be high on both, high in one or high in neither

Question 10

What are the four categories of femininity and masculinity types?

Answer 10

Androgynous (high-high)
Femininity
Masculinity
Undifferentiated (low-low)

Question 11

According to early research, what was gender well-being?

Answer 11

When people’s gender behaviors matched they gender (e.g. masculine men)

Question 12

Today, who has the highest level of well-being? Why?

Answer 12

Androgynous, because they have more abilities to engage in adaptive behaviors

Question 13

What type of problem-solving do androgynous people use?

Answer 13

Both emotional and problem-focused strategies

Question 14

According to research, which gender type is most liked?

Answer 14

Androgynous type is most liked in both hypothetical scenarios and in speed-dating research

Question 15

According to research, which types disliked each other the most?

Answer 15

Masculine men and feminine women, because there is a clash between restraint/control and warmth and sensitivity.

Question 16

According to research, which type has the highest relationship satisfaction?

Answer 16

Couples with an androgynous (assertive + sensitive) or a feminine spouse (sensitive)

Question 17

In what way are gender roles pressured by society?

Answer 17

Society rewards gender appropriate behaviors and punishes inappropriate ones.

Question 18

What is unmitigated communion?

Answer 18

Extreme femininity, concern to take care of others and sacrifice one’s own needs. Results in low scores of well-being, self-esteem, psychological and physical health

Question 19

What is unmitigated agency?

Answer 19

Extreme masculinity; insensitive to others, narcissistic and unpleasant. Often has difficulties to maintain relationships and having helps which result in lower health.

Question 20

What is Bandura’s theory of aggression?

Answer 20

There is a link between modeled aggression and performed aggression? People exposed to aggressive sometimes imitate aggression, but not always (Four-step model)

Question 21

What is the four step-model?

Answer 21

1. Attend to aggressive action
2. Remember information
3. Enact what they saw
4. Expect rewards

Question 22

What is the link between TV and aggression?

Answer 22

Viewing aggression in TV, increasing likelihood of acting aggressively over short-term

Question 23

There is a significant relationship between the amount of TV kids watch and…?

Answer 23

Likelihood of being a criminal at 30y.

Question 24

Why does TV increase the likelihood of violence?

Answer 24

Exposure to violence makes violent thoughts and emotions more accessible

Question 25

What are 2 reasons why video games are linked to increase aggression?

Answer 25

1. Not only watching but actively engaging in violent acts (more realistic = more aggressive)
2. Video games reward violence (four-step model is present)

Question 26

Teens who play more video games are more likely to…?

Answer 26

Engage in high-risks behaviors, argue with peers, get in fight, act more aggressively and have more delinquency.

Question 27

What is learned helplessness?

Answer 27

Cognitive, motivational and emotional deficits that follow a perceived lack of control over important aversive events.

Question 28

What study was done on learned helplessness and lab dogs?

Answer 28

Dogs were harnessed and given electric shocks, from which they couldn’t escape. They quickly learned they couldn’t avoid them and entered an avoidance learning situation. However, after some time, the dogs could have escape if they tried, but they didn’t

Question 29

Why didn’t the dogs try to escape in the study on learned helplessness?

Answer 29

They inappropriately generalized what they had learned in the first situation to the second situation

Question 30

What similar study was done on humans and learned helplessness?

Answer 30

People were in a loud room and told they could turn off the noise by solving a problem. In one condition there was no solution, so they generalized feelings of helplessness even in a new situation

Question 31

What is another way through which learned helplessness can be acquired?

Answer 31

Observational learning

Question 32

How does learned helplessness appear in the elderly?

Answer 32

Retirement homes are structured to relieve the elderly of daily concerns and responsibilities, they generalized this perception of uncontrollability of their lives, which results in lack of motivation and activity

Question 33

What study was done on learned helplessness and the elderly?

Answer 33

One group of residents were given a talk about responsibility and were given a plant to care of. This group were happier, more active and twice as less likely to die 18m later.

Question 34

What is the link between learned helplessness and psychological disorders?

Answer 34

Depressed patients often act as if they are helpless to control what happens to them. Suggest that depression can develop similarly to learned helplessness

Question 35

What is a neurological evidence of the link between learned helplessness and depression?

Answer 35

Change in neurotransmitters of animals exposed to inescapable shocks is similar to neurotransmitters of decreased people.

Question 36

What is locus of control?

Answer 36

It is a personality trait of the extent to which people believe what happen to them and others is controllable?

Question 37

The idea of locus of control developed out of what?

Answer 37

Rotter’s generalized expectancy

Question 38

What is internal locus?

Answer 38

Generalized expectancy that people can affect what happens to them

Question 39

What is external locus?

Answer 39

Generalized expectancy that what happens is outside of control.

Question 40

Why are internal locus happier than external? 3 reasons

Answer 40

1. less likely to suffer from psychological disorders
2. Higher achievement (see themselves as responsible for achievements)
3. Psychotherapy teachers people to be more internal

Question 41

What are internal locus people healthier?

Answer 41

They believe they have control over their health and more confident in ability to control stressful situations and seek out help