Behavioral Approach II Flashcards
What are gender roles?
Expectations our culture has for the way men and women behave
According to behaviorism, what is the cause of gender role? What is that?
Gender-role socialization: gender roles are acquired and maintained through operant conditioning and observation learning
When does gender-role socialization begin?
Very young before babies can talk
What is evidence that parents discriminate between sons and daughters?
They play and speak differently with daughters, girls received more dolls and toy furniture and children themselves choose more gender appropriate toys on their own
According to behaviorist, who has the biggest influence on observational learning of gender roles?
Parents, which explains why gender-role behavior resembles that of parents
What masculinity or femininity?
Degree to which people typically act in terms of male or female gender roles
What are the other names for femininity and masculinity?
Communion: attachment, cooperation and interpersonal relationship
agency: control, independence and assertiveness
At first, how was femininity and masculinity measured?
It was measured as a single continuum
Today, how do researchers perceive femininity and masculinity?
They view it as two independent traits, where people can be high on both, high in one or high in neither
What are the four categories of femininity and masculinity types?
Androgynous (high-high)
Femininity
Masculinity
Undifferentiated (low-low)
According to early research, what was gender well-being?
When people’s gender behaviors matched they gender (e.g. masculine men)
Today, who has the highest level of well-being? Why?
Androgynous, because they have more abilities to engage in adaptive behaviors
What type of problem-solving do androgynous people use?
Both emotional and problem-focused strategies
According to research, which gender type is most liked?
Androgynous type is most liked in both hypothetical scenarios and in speed-dating research
According to research, which types disliked each other the most?
Masculine men and feminine women, because there is a clash between restraint/control and warmth and sensitivity.
According to research, which type has the highest relationship satisfaction?
Couples with an androgynous (assertive + sensitive) or a feminine spouse (sensitive)
In what way are gender roles pressured by society?
Society rewards gender appropriate behaviors and punishes inappropriate ones.
What is unmitigated communion?
Extreme femininity, concern to take care of others and sacrifice one’s own needs. Results in low scores of well-being, self-esteem, psychological and physical health
What is unmitigated agency?
Extreme masculinity; insensitive to others, narcissistic and unpleasant. Often has difficulties to maintain relationships and having helps which result in lower health.
What is Bandura’s theory of aggression?
There is a link between modeled aggression and performed aggression? People exposed to aggressive sometimes imitate aggression, but not always (Four-step model)
What is the four step-model?
- Attend to aggressive action
- Remember information
- Enact what they saw
- Expect rewards
What is the link between TV and aggression?
Viewing aggression in TV, increasing likelihood of acting aggressively over short-term
There is a significant relationship between the amount of TV kids watch and…?
Likelihood of being a criminal at 30y.
Why does TV increase the likelihood of violence?
Exposure to violence makes violent thoughts and emotions more accessible
