Tracheobronchial Tree And Lungs Flashcards
D: alveolus
An air sac of the lung
D:alveolar duct
The terminal part of the air passages which has alveolar sacs opening into it
D: bronchus
any of the major air passages to the lungs that diverge from the trachea
Singular= bronchus Plural = bronchi
D: bronchioles
Any of the lower subdivisions of the bronchi
D: bronchopulmonary segment
A pyramidal segment of lung tissue aerated by a tertiary bronchus : smallest functional unit of the lung
D: parterial bronchus
The right upper lobe broncos which is located superior to its corresponding branch of pulmonary artery. All the other are hyperarterial
D: carina
The last tracheal ring that looks like the keel of a boat
D: lung
A respiratory organ
D: lung root
Made up of structures that connect a lung to the heart and trachea
D: lung hilum/hilus
A depression the mediastinal surface of the lung which is the only site of entrance and exit of structures associated with the lungs
D: pulmonary ligament
The reflection of the mediastinal parietal pleura that forms a sleeve below the lung root on each side
D: trachea
A large fibrocartilage nous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from below the larynx to the beginning of bronchi and located in the midline of the neck and superior mediastinum
D: trachealis muscle
A longitudinal smooth muscle strip that bridges the gap between the free ends of C-shaped cartilages at the posterior surface of the trachea anterior to the esophagus
Where is the Upper respiratory tract located?
Nose to trachea
How is the right bronchi different than the left?
The right is short straighter and wider
If a foreign body enters the trachea where will it end up?
The right lung
-Note: The left lung is narrower and longer
What muscle is found in the trachea?
Trachealis
Where does the trachea lack rings structure?
On the posterior side.
From where does the trachea extend?
From where the larynx ends at C6 vertebra to the transverse thoracic plane (TTP), where it bifurcated at T4 IVD
What is the diameter of the trachea?
Adult- `1 inch
Infant 1 cm
New born 1mm
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
T the level of the sternal angle of Louis into two primary bronchi
What lies anteriorly to the trachea?
Superficial to deep: skin, fascia, strap muscles, thyroid, isthmus, inferior thyroid vessels, jugular venous arch, jugular notch
What lies later to the trachea?
Carotid sheath, thyroid lobes, brachiocephalic trunk (Rt.), azygous arch (RT.), aortic arch (Lt.)
What lies posteriorly to the trachea?
Esophagus, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), thoracic duct, vertebral column
Why is the Tracheal carina important?
It’s the most sensitive part and a landmark for bronchoscopy
What direction does each bronchus go after the bifurcation of the trachea?
Right: more vertical (shorter and wider)
Left: oblique (longer)
When do the primary bronchi bifurcate?
They branch once they enter the lung hila (singular: hilum)
Under what arch do the left and right lung run under?
Right: azygous rich
Left: arch of aorta
How many secondary bronchus do the primary bronchus divide into?
Three secondary bronchi in the right lung and two in the left
What is the aparterial bronchus?
The right superior 2* bronchus
Named this because it passes superior to the level of its correspondin pulmonary artery
What does hyparterial mean?
Referring to the 2* bronchi being below the level of its corresponding artery
After the 2* bronchi divide into the 3* bronchi, what do the 3* supply ir to?
The bronchopulonary segment, the smallest surgically respectable unit of the lung
What is the smallest surgically respectable unit of the lung tissue?
Bronchopulmonary segment
What are the 3 orders of bronchioles?
Conducting/lobular
Terminal
Respiratory
What are each type of bronchi responsible for? (They are conducting, terminal and respiratory)
Conducting and terminal are part of the conducting elements
Respiratory are part of the gas exchange unit
What constitutes the majority of respiratory bronchioles?
Smoot muscle
They have no cartilaginous framework
What can bronchospasm factor into?
Disease corneen such as bronchial asthma
-note: remember respiratory bronchioles are mainly smooth muscle
Where is the distal air way located?
From the respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
-This is where gas exchange occurs
Where does gas exchange occur?
The distal airway
What mainly lines the bronchioles and alveolar ducts?
Cuboidal epithelium
What lines the walls of the alveoli?
About 90%: squamous epithelium or type I alveolar pneumocytes
10%: type II alveolar pneumocytes, the secretoras of surfactant
What may cause collapse of the bronchioles because of chronic destruction of elastic tissue of the bronchioles?
Chronic dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles
What are the surfaces of the lungs?
Sternocostal
Mediastinal
Diaphragmatic
What are the borders of the lung?
Anterior
Posterior/vertebral
Inferior
The costal and apical/cervical surfaces are ______ whereas the diaphragmatic surface is ____?
Convex
Concave
Where does the oblique fissure of the right lung run from?
T2 or T3 spinous process posteriorly to C6 costal cartilage anterior
What happens at the lung root?
The lungs connect to the trachea and heart
What happens at the lung hilum?
The mediastinal surface of the lung where the bronchi and pulmonary vessels enter and leave
Where does lymph from the trachea drain?
Into the pre-tracheal, para-tracheal and inferior deep cervical nodes
What is the trachealbronchial vasculature?
Branches from the inferior thyroid (upper 2/3) and bronchial arteries (lower 1/3rd) form anastomoses on the trachea.
Where do the veins of the trachea drain?
Inferior thyroid venous plexus
Where is most of the blood from the bronchial arteries returned?
In the pulmonary veins
What are the arteries that supply the lungs below the carina?
On the left 2 arteries branching from the descending thoracic aorta.
On the right from the 3rd right posterior intercostal artery.
What do the bronchial arteries supply?
The bronchial tree from the carina to the respiratory bronchioles, the connective tissue of the lungs, the visceral pleura, and give some branches to the esophagus
What nourishes the organs above the carina?
Inferior thyroid artery
What is the tracheobronchial innervation?
Mucous membrane/pain fibers by the parasympathetic (Vagus and Recurrent laryngeal nerves),
smooth muscle and vessels by the sympathetic
What is the vasculature to the lungs?
The pulmonary supply the respiratory component
The bronchial arteries supply the non-respiratory conducting tissues of the lungs and visceral pleura
Trace the path of the two pulmonary arteries carrying poorly oxygenated blood supply to the lungs starting from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle.
From the right ventricle, the pulmonary trunk arises and ascends anterior to the ascending aorta, then to its left side before diving under the concavity of the aortic rich at the transverse thoracic plane (TTP) to give rise to two pulmonary arteries.
Where do the bronchial or tracheobronchial arteries arise from?
The descending thoracic aorta
Where do anostomosis occur between the pulmonary arteries and the bronchial arteries?
At the level of the respiratory bronchioles
If pulmonary thrombosis/embolism occurred slowly, what would take over to the entire system and gradually restore full lung function?
The bronchial arteries
Where do the superficial/sub-pleura lymphatic vessels of the lungs drain into?
Where do the deep/sub-mucous lymphatic vessels drain into?
- Directly into the bronchopulmonary/hilar lymph nodes
- Drain alongside the bronchi and pulmonary vessels first into the pulmonary lymph nodes which the drains into the bronchopulmonary/hilar nodes of their side
What lobe drains into the Left superior tracheaobronchial nodes?
Only the upper lobe of the left lung
