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Anatomy > The Larynx > Flashcards

The Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

The larynx functions as a compound sphincter that closes the airway during swallowing and during _____ (as in coughing, lifting a heavy weight).

A

Valsalva’s maneuver

Note: don’t forget about phonation

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2
Q

What bones lies at vertebral lvl 3?

A

The hyoid bone

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3
Q

Where is the lower border of the larynx?

A

The cricoid cartilage

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4
Q

What structure can be found immediately below the thyroid gland?

A

The larynx

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5
Q

Where are the lesser cornua and greater cornua ?

A

Lesser: laterally

Greater: posteriorly

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6
Q

What ligament runs between the styloid process and the lesser horn of the hyoid?

A

The stylohyoid ligament

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7
Q

Where are the muscles attached on the hyoid?

A

Along the surface of the greater horn and body of the hyoid

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8
Q

The ____ membrane connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage.

A

Thyrohyoid

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9
Q

What membrane runs from the smooth medial surface of the hyoid bone to attach along
the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.
`

A

The thyrohyoid membrane

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10
Q

What pierces the thyrohyoid membrane supero-laterally?

A

The superior laryngeal artery and nerve

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11
Q

Below the thyroid notch is the ____ (Adam’s apple) that, due to growth stimulated by testosterone, is more apparent in men than in women. The result is longer vocal cords that vibrate at a lower frequency.

A

laryngeal prominence

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12
Q

What membrane is below the vocal cords and relatively avascular, allowing it to be incised to provide an emergency airway?

A

The cricothyroid membrane (called a cricothyrotomy)

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13
Q

A pair of ____ cartilages articulate with the upper postero-lateral borders of the cricoid cartilage

A

arytenoid

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14
Q

Each arytenoid cartilages has a base, an apex, an anterior ______,
and a lateral muscular process for muscle attachments.

A

Vocal process

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15
Q

A small detached portion of the apex of the arytenoid cartilage is the?

A

Corniculate cartilage

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16
Q

The base of the arytenoids form a shallow ball and socket ______ articulation with the upper border of the cricoid.

A

diarthrodial

Note: it’s called the crico-arytenoid joint

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17
Q

What movement does the crico-arytenoid joint permit?

A

Allows the arytenoid cartilages to slide toward or away from one another, to tilt anteriorly and posteriorly, and to rotate

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18
Q

What is the crico-arytenoid joint important in?

A

Tensing, and relaxing the vocal folds

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19
Q

At what joints does movement of the larynx occur?

A

At the cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid joints.

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20
Q

Each of the paired vocal ligaments (cords) extends from ?

A

the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage to the junction of the thyroid cartilages.

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21
Q

Each of the paired vestibular ligaments (cords) courses from the?

A

anterior surface
of the arytenoid to the base of the epiglottis near the midline and above the vocal
ligament.

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22
Q

What does greater tension of the vocal ligament cause?

A

Higher pitch voice

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23
Q

What muscle causes a higher pitched voice (tension on the vocal ligaments)

A

Cricothyroid muscle

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24
Q

What nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

A

External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve of the vagus

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25
Q

What does paralysis of the cricothyroid muscle result in?

A

A monotone voice because pitch cannot be varied

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26
Q

What is the opening to the airway?

A

The rima glottis

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27
Q

What muscle produces actions that oppose those of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

The thyroarytenoid muscle

Note: it has two belies, an internus and externus

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28
Q

What muscle inserts anteriorly at the anterior commissure of the thyroid cartilage and postero-laterally on the lateral surface of the arytenoid.

A

The externus thyroarytenoid

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29
Q

What happens when the externus thyroarytenoid contract?

A

The vocal processes are shortened and there is a slight adduction

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30
Q

What muscle arises from the anterior commissure and inserts onto the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage.

A

The internus thyroarytenoid

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31
Q

What happens during contraction of the internus thyroarytenoid muscle?

A

The vocal processes are shortened and thickened

Note: In isolation, this action serves to lower the resonant frequency (pitch) of the vocal folds.

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32
Q

What muscle is known as the vocalis?

A

The internus thyroarytenoid

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33
Q

What muscle serves to lower the resonant frequency (pitch) of the vocal folds?

A

The internus thyroarytenoid

34
Q

Contraction of the _______ m raises the pitch of the voice, whereas that of the ____ m tends to lower the pitch.

A

Cricothyroid

vocalis (The internus thyroarytenoid)

35
Q

What muscle arises from a broad insertion on the posterior face of the cricoid lamina.

A

The posterior cricoarytenoid

36
Q

Contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid displaces the muscular process posteriorly and caudally, while the vocal process moves upward and laterally. What is the result of this?

A

Abduction of the vocal processes outward (opens the rima glottis)

It can also tense the vocal ligament

37
Q

What muscle is the only abductor of the vocal folds and is principally responsible for control of the glottic airway.

A

The posterior cricoarytenoid

38
Q

What muscle is attached to the anterior part of the muscular process of the arytenoid medially and to the superior border of the cricoid cartilage laterally.

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid

39
Q

Contraction of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle results in movement of the muscular process anterolaterally while simultaneously forcing the vocal process downward and medially. What is the result of this?

A

Adduction and lengthening of the vocal folds

40
Q

What muscle is the most powerful doctor of the vocal folds and important component of the Valsalva procedure?

A

The lateral cricoarytenoid

41
Q

What is the valsalva procedure?

A

tightening of the abdominal and thoracic musculature when lifting a heavy object, child birth, defecation, etc.

42
Q

Rapid and forceful contraction of what muscle (laryngospasm) can occur during endoscopic examination of the vocal cords and can be life threatening?

A

The lateral cricoarytenoid

43
Q

The oblique fibers of the interarytenoids continue to the epiglottis as the _____ muscle that courses along the upper border of the quadrangular membrane

A

ary-epiglotticus muscle

44
Q

How do the transverse fivers of the interarytenoid muscle rune?

A

Between the medial surface of the arytenoid cartilages

45
Q

What happens when the interarytenoid muscles contract?

A

Arytenoid adduction and narrowing of the rima glottis

46
Q

How can the interarytenoid muscle achieve whispering?

A

By opposing the other muscles so that the vocal cords are slight abducted

47
Q

The anterior surface of the epiglottis is joined to the hyoid by what ligament?

A

The hyoepiglottic ligament

48
Q

What creates the vestibular fold?

A

The fibro-elastic quadrangular membrane between the arytenoid cartilages and the epiglottis

49
Q

The superior border of the vestibular fold covers the aryepiglottic ligament and muscle to create a?

A

Aryepiglottic fold that covers the cuneiform and corniculate cartliages

50
Q

What forms the false vocal cords?

A

The horizontal part of the vestibular fold

51
Q

The vocal ligament and the vocalis m are covered by a mucosa-lined membrane comprising the _____.

A

vocal fold

Note: It is the vocal fold that vibrates during speech, not the vocal ligament or cord.

52
Q

When can air pass the rima glottis?

A

When the vocal folds are abducted

53
Q

the vocal fold is the upper border of a larger fold that is called ?

A

the conus elasticus

54
Q

What points connects the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages to one another?

A

The conus elasticus

55
Q

What is the conus elasticus composed of?

A

Mainly yellow elastic tissue

56
Q

What are the borders of the conus elasticus?

A

Sup: the vocal fold

Inferior: upper edge of cricoid

Anterior: thyroid cartilage and median cricothyroid ligament (lat portion) that attaches the cricoid and thyroid cartilages

57
Q

What lies between the quadrangular membrane and the small thyroepiglottic muscle?

A

The saccule of the fusiform laryngeal sinus (ventricle of larynx)

Note: it extends superiorly from the anterior end of the sinus

58
Q

Why can there be so many unique voices?

A

Because the crico-arytenoid joint has 3 degrees of freedom

59
Q

By shortening the cords via the ____ muscle, the pitch is lowered.

A

Vocalis

60
Q

By tensing the folds via the _____ m, the vibrations are strong and the pitch rises.

A

cricothyroid

61
Q

______ is produced by the pharynx, oral region and nasal passages and is modified by the tongue, lips, and palatine musculature.

A

Resonance

62
Q

The opening to the larynx is forcefully closed by the contraction of what
adductor muscles ?

A

the lateral crico-arytenoid, and the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles.

63
Q

What pulls the larynx toward the epiglottis?

A

The ary-epiglottic muscle

64
Q

What 3 actions occur during swallowing to protect the larynx? (This is a reflex when god enters the laryngeal vestibule)

A

A- The opening to the larynx is forcefully closed by the contraction of the
adductor muscles - the lateral crico-arytenoid, and the transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles.

B The larynx is pulled toward the epiglottis by the paired ary-epiglottic
muscles.

C. The epiglottis-larrynx partially folds beneath the posterior 1/3 of the
tongue.

65
Q

What provides sensory and autonomic innervation above the vocal folds.

A

The internal laryngeal nerve

66
Q

What accompanies the internal laryngeal nerve?

A

The super laryngeal artery

67
Q

What branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provides motor sensation to the cricothyroid muscle?

A

The external laryngeal nerve

68
Q

What nerve travels with the superior thyroid artery and is in danger during thyroid surgery?

A

The external laryngeal nerve

69
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of the larynx and sensation below the vocal cords?

A

The inferior laryngeal nerve ( a branch of the recurrent laryngeal)

70
Q

What nerve is a terminal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve that supplies the muscles of the larynx below the vocal cords?

A

Inferior laryngeal nerve

71
Q

What nerve travels with the inferior laryngeal artery and passes behind the thyroid gland where it is at risk in thyroid surgery?

A

The inferior laryngeal nerve

72
Q

Where are the lower motor neurons for all the muscles of the larynx, including the stylopharyngeus?

A

The nucleus ambiguous

73
Q

What 1st order neurons does the superior (jugular) ganglion contain?

A

Those that mediate sensation (pain and touch)

74
Q

Where do 1st order neurons from superior (jugular) ganglion synapse?

A

Pain: nucleus of the spinal tract

Touch: the pontine nucleus

75
Q

What 1st order neurons does the inferior (nodose) ganglion contain?

A

Those for non-conscious information

76
Q

Where do the 1st order neurons from the inferior (nodose) ganglion project to?

A

The solitary nucleus in the brainstem.

77
Q

The nodose ganglion also contains (besides non-conscious) 1st order neurons whose peripheral axons convey ____ from the area of the epiglottis. The central axons of these neurons project to the _____ that is a specialized region of the solitary nucleus.

A

taste

taste center

78
Q

What pathology of the vocal folds is characterized by small growths that are caused by overuse. Results in a raspy voice. Might require surgical removal.

A

Nodules

79
Q

What pathology of the vocal folds is characterized by benign lesions that can produce a hoarse, breathy voice that tires easily. May require surgery.

A

Polyps

80
Q

What pathology of the vocal folds is due to inadequate hydration of the vocal folds. A thick mucous prevents the folds from vibrating correctly.

A

Laryngitis (sicca)

Anatomy (23 decks)

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