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Anatomy > Intro To CNS > Flashcards

Intro To CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are contained in the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What structures are included in the PNS?

A

Nerves (spinal and cranial) and ganglia located outside the CNS

Note: the CNS and PNS form a single unit functionally

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3
Q

What is a neuroglia?

A

A connective tissue cell in the CNS

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4
Q

What is a neuron?

A

An excitable/conducting cell

It is composed of a cell body with short projections called dendrites that receive information. The portion that transmit information is called an axon.

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5
Q

What happens when a neuron dies?

A

It’s function is lost

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6
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A conduit containing axons that convert information to and from the CNS

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7
Q

What is a nucleus,ganglion, lamina?

A

A collection of neuronal cell bodies usually associated with a common function

Nucleus is within the CNS
Ganglion is in PNS
Lamina is within spinal cord

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8
Q

What is an afferent cell?

A

A cell traveling toward the CNS. This is commonly associated with sensory but not all information is perceived by the brain.

E.G. Spinal reflex

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9
Q

What is an efferent cell?

A

A cell transmitting away from the CNS.

Equivalent to motor neurons

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10
Q

What is modality?

A

A type of sensory information

E.g. Pain, touch, vibration, itch, etc.

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11
Q

What is sensation?

A

An impression conveyed by a sense organ through an afferent nerve to a sensory nerve center or a seat of sensation where sensation is received and interpreted (Sensorium) in the brain, as visual image, tase, pressure, itch or pain

E.g. This is the signal that makes it to the brain

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12
Q

What is a sensory modality?

A

What is perceived/sensed (the type), after a stimulus is applied.

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13
Q

What are the types of sensory modalities?

A

Chemoreception (chemicals)

Photoreception (light such as eyes)

Mechanoreception (e.g. Touch, itch, pressure, vibration, nociception (pain) or physiological pain such as cutaneous, somatic/bone/joint and visceral)

Thermoreception

Propioception

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14
Q

What is propioception?

A

The kinesthetic sense that provides the sensory corte with information about the relative position of body parts in space

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15
Q

What is perception?

A

The interpretation of the sense brought to the brain. Through perception the brain gives meaning to senses by attaching emotions, memories, etc.

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16
Q

At week 3 what layers does the embryo have?

A

Intra-embryonic ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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17
Q

Describe the process of neurolation that occurs between the 3rd and fourth week in utero.

A

Day 15: a neural plate is formed which folds into a neural tube (day 21-22).

Day 28: the neural tube is finished

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18
Q

What is formed from the neural plate?

A

A neural tube with a centra canal

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19
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles seen in an embryo at the end of week 4 (day 28)?

A
  1. Procenphalon or forebrain
  2. Mesencephalon or mid brain
  3. Rhombencephalon or Hindbrain
20
Q

When do the primary brain vesicles divide into the secondary brain vesicles?

A

Day 32

21
Q

What does the prosencephalon divide into? (Forebrain)

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

22
Q

What does the mesencephalon or mid brain divide into?

A

It remains unchanged

23
Q

What does the rhombencephalon or hindbrain subdivide into?

A

The metencephalon and myelencephalon

24
Q

During the 5th week what does the Telencephalon differentiate into?

A

Two cerebral hemispheres and lamina terminalis/terminales

25
Q

By week 5, what does the Diencephalon differentiate into?

A

Epithalamus

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Subthalamus

Pituitary gland/stalk

26
Q

By week five, what does the mesencephalon become?

A

The mid brain

27
Q

By week 5, what does the metencephalon differentiate into? (Part of hindbrain)

A

Pons and cerebellum

28
Q

By week 5, what does the myelencephalon divide into?

A

The medulla oblongata

29
Q

When is the brain smooth?

A

Within the first 3 to 4 months of embryonic life

30
Q

What sulcus forms between the fourth and sixth month to delineate lobes in utero?

A

Lateral cerebral sulcus

31
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Supporting cells of the brain

Includes:
Astrocyte
Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes/Schwann 
Microfilaments
32
Q

If neurons are the structural unit of the brain, what are synapses?

A

They are the functional unit for learning and memory

33
Q

What are synapses?

A

Sites of communication between cells

34
Q

What are some examples of neurotransmitters?

A 
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Monoamines
Amino acids
Nitric oxide
Neuropeptides
35
Q

What is myelin?

A

A lipid rich substance of cell membrane of Schwann cells/neurolemocytes(PNS) and oligodendrocytes (in CNS).

36
Q

What benefits does myelin give to a cell?

A

Rapid nerve conduction through a process called saltatory conduction ( nodes are ion rich)

37
Q

What is a node of ranvier?

A

An ion rich node (constrictions) where cells producing myelin meet which facilitates rapid nerve conduction by enabling impulses from node to node

38
Q

What kind of appearance does myelin give cells?

A

A pale appearance

“White matter”/white rami

39
Q

What does the forebrain consist of in adults?

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon

40
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of in adults?

A

Pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata

41
Q

What is the deepest and longest horizontal grove on the lateral surface of the brain?

A

Lateral sulcus of sylvius

42
Q

What does the central sulcus divide?

A

The frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

43
Q

What lobes are found on the inferior surface of the brain?

A

Frontal, temporal and occipital lobes

44
Q

Where are broca’s motor speech area and Wernicke’s sensory speech area located in most people?

A

On the left cerebral hemisphere in 95% of right handed people and 70% of left handed people

45
Q

Name two unsymmetrical features of the brain

A

The left lateral sulcus is longer

The left cerebral hemisphere may be heavier than the right

Anatomy (23 decks)

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