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Anatomy > Functional Components Of The Cranical Nerves > Flashcards

Functional Components Of The Cranical Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What type of sensations do the Cranial Nerves have? (Sensory, motor or both)

A
  1. S Some
  2. S Say
  3. M Marry
  4. M Money
  5. B But
  6. M My
  7. B brother
  8. S Says
  9. B Bad
  10. B Business
  11. M Marry
  12. M Money

( Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Marry Money)

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2
Q

What does each division of trigeminal function as? (S/M/B)

A

V1 and V2 are only sensory

V3 is both Sensory and Motor

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3
Q

What are the most complex CN’s having motor, sensory, parasympathetic and taste functions?

A

Facial (CN VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)

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4
Q

Where are the cranial motor nuclei found?

A

In the brainstem in a rosarla-caudal order

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5
Q

The nucleus ambiguous contains LMNs or what CN?

A

CN IX and X

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6
Q

What is the cranial motor nuclei for CN IX and X?

A

Nucleus ambiguous

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7
Q

What CN’s do not receive input from the motor homunculus due to requirement of highly coordinated bilateral movements?

A

Nucleus of CN III, IV, and VI

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8
Q

In what nucleus’s do the cortico-bulbar zones not synapse?

A

In the nucleus of CN III, IV and VI

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9
Q

What do the Trochlear and the abducens nerves innervate?

A

Lateral Rectus (6)

Superior Oblique (4)

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10
Q

What does the spinal accessory nerve (CNXI) innervate?

A

Only the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

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11
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the LMNs located for CN XI?

A

In the upper 4-5 cervical levels of the spinal cord and are therefore activated via the cortico-spinal pathway

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12
Q

What is the response in an UMN Lesion?

A
  1. Damage to the axons of UMNs prior to the decussation results in paralysis of the associated muscles on the contralateral side.
  2. If the injury is to the spinal cord, the paralysis will be on the ipsilateral side. There is an increasing spasticity (rigidity) and no regeneration.
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13
Q

What does damage to LMN cause?

A

Results in ipsilateral flaccidity (loss of tone), weakness, but regeneration is possible

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14
Q

Why is the brainstem considered the housekeeping center?

A

It’s neuronal circuits regulate many autonomic functions

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15
Q

What cranial nuclei are in the midbrain?

A

CN III and IV

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16
Q

What cranial nuclei are in the pons?

A

Nuclei for V and VI

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17
Q

What CN nuclei are in the medulla oblongata?

A

CNS VII, IX, X and XII

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18
Q

Where are the nuclei for CN XI?

A

In lamina IX in the upper cervical spinal cord

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19
Q

Where do pain second order neurons synapse? (Periphery)

A

In lamina I/II about the level of entry into the spinal cord.

They decussate and ascend in the lateral spino-thalamic tract to synapse in the VPL of the thalamus

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20
Q

Where do 2nd order neurons for touch go when they enter the spinal cord?

A

Ascend in the dorsal columns to synapse on 2nd order neurons in either the nucleus gracilis or cuneatus in the brainstem. They decussate forming the medial lemniscus and ascend to synapse on 3rd order neurons in the VPL. 3rd order go to cortex.

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of 1st order neurons for pain and touch? (PNS)

A
  1. Their cell bodies reside in afferent ganglia outside the CNS
  2. There are no synapses in afferent ganglia
  3. The neurons are modality specific
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22
Q

What predominates the sensory information from the orofacial region?

A

The three branches of the trigeminal nerve

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23
Q

Where is the cell body for 1st order neurons of the trigeminal system?

A

The trigeminal ganglion

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24
Q

Where do the axons that exit the skulls from the trigeminal terminate?

A

In the skin of the face in front of the tragal line

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25
Q

2nd order neurons for orofacial pain travel in what tract?

A

The spinal tract

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26
Q

Where is the cell body of 2nd order neurons for touch from the orofacial region?

A

The pontine nucleus

27
Q

Where is the cell body of 2nd order neurons for pain from the orofacial region?

A

Spinal nucleus

28
Q

2nd order axons for pain and touch from the orofacial region decussate and synapse on what part of the thalamus with the 3rd order neurons?

A

The VPM of the thalamus

Note: CN’s go to VPM and spinal nerves to VPL

29
Q

Parasympathetics and sympathetic are ____ only.

A

Motor

30
Q

Input from what location drives the para/sympathetic?

A

Hypothalamus

31
Q

What do the postganglionics of the para ANS release?

A

Acetylcholine

32
Q

What do the sympathetic of the ANS release in post ganglionic neurons?

A

Nor-adrenaline (norepinephrine)

33
Q

What facial structures receive only sympathetic innervation?

A

Dilator muscle of iris
Superior tarsal muscle
Blood vessels

34
Q

What facial structures receive only parasympathetic innervation?

A

Sphincter and ciliary muscles of the iris

35
Q

Where is the cell body for the sympathetic of the face?

A

The cell bodies of pre-ganglionic neurons reside in lamina VII (aka the intermediolateral horn) at T1-T2

36
Q

Where do pre-ganglionic neurons for the sympathetic spirit synapse when they are headed to the head?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

37
Q

Why is it important not to damage blood vessels during surgery of the head region?

A

Post-ganglionic axons of the ANS (sympathetic) follow blood vessels to their targets

38
Q

How can disruption of the sympathetic supply occur?

A

Compression of cervical or thoracic sympathetic chain on affected side.

A (pancoast) tumor on the apex of the lung

39
Q

What are the symptoms of Horner’s syndrome?

A

(EF’ing PAM)

Enopthalmos
Flushing of the face due to dilation of blood vessels

Pseudoptosis
Anhidrosis
Miosis

40
Q

What muscle causes pseudoptosis in Horner’s?

A

Paralysis of the superior tarsal muscle

41
Q

What muscle causes Miosis in Horner’s?

A

Inactivation of the dilator muscle

42
Q

What muscle causes enopthalmos in Horner’s?

A

Inactivation of the Mueller muscle

43
Q

What nerves are associated with parasympathetics?

A

III, VII, IX, X

44
Q

Where do the parasympathetics that travel with cranial nerve 3 originate and synapse?

What muscle does this regulate?

A

O: Nucleus of Edinger-Westphal

S: ciliary ganglion

M: sphincter muscle

45
Q

Where do the parasympathetics that travel with cranial nerve VII originate and synapse?

What does it innervate?

A

O: Superior salivary nucleus

S: 2 different ganglia (to learn later)

I: lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

46
Q

Where do the parasympathetics that travel with cranial nerve IX originate and synapse?

What does it innervate?

A

O: inferior salivary nucleus

S: otic ganglion

I: parotid gland

47
Q

What accounts for activation of all 3 salivary glands in the face?

A

The inferior and superior salivatory nuclei

48
Q

Where do the parasympathetics that travel with cranial nerve X originate and Innervate?

A

O: dorsal motor nucleus

I: viscera in the thorax and part of the abdomen

49
Q

What are exits of the cranial nerves?

A 
Cribiform plate- I
Optic Canal - II
Superior orbital fissure - 3,4,V1,6
Foramen rotunda - V2
Foramen ovale - V3
Internal acoustic meatus - 7,8
Jugular foramen - 9,10,11
Hypoglossal canal - 12
50
Q

What houses the lower motor nucleus for vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves?

A

The nucleus ambiguous

51
Q

What tract do UMN’s of the CN’s travel in beside CN XI?

A

Cortico-bulbar tract

52
Q

What muscles does the occulomotor nerve innervate?

A

Levator palpebrae sup.
Inferior oblique
Sup., inf. And medial rectus

53
Q

What muscles does V3 innervate?

A 
Masseter
Medial and lateral pterygoid 
Ant. Belly of digastric
Temporalis
Tensor tympani
Tensor palatini
Mylohyoid
54
Q

What does the Abducens nerve innervate?

A

Lateral rectus

55
Q

What does the facial nerves Innervate (muscle)

A

Stylohoid
Post. Belly of digastric
Muscle of facial expression
Stapedius

56
Q

What muscles does the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves innervate?

A

Larynx and pharynx muscles
Levator palati
Stylopharyngeus

57
Q

What muscles does spinal accessory nerve innervate?

A

Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

58
Q

What muscles does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

Intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Hypoglossal
Genioglossus
Styloglossus

59
Q

What is plasticity?

A

The ability of the brain to reorganize neurons in order to learn new functions (or relearn)

60
Q

Where are the cell bodies for pain got second order neuron in the face?

A

Nucleus of Spinal tract

61
Q

What constricts blood vessels?

A

Sympathetic

62
Q

What is the pathway of the sympathetic supply to oro-facial region?

A
  1. The cell bodies of pre-ganglionic neurons reside in lámina VII at T1-T2
  2. Their axons exit via the ventral root and enter the sympathetic chain via white rami communicantes
  3. The axons course up the sympathetic chain to the superior cervical ganglion where they synapse on the post-ganglionic neurons
  4. Postganglionic axons follow blood vessels to their targets
63
Q

What is a sunken eye called?

A

Enophthalmos

64
Q

What are the neurons with parasympathetic function?

A

III oculomotor
VII facial
IX Glossopharyngeal
X vagus

Anatomy (23 decks)

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