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Nutrition 207 > Trace minerals,fat soluble vitamin and antioxidants > Flashcards

Trace minerals,fat soluble vitamin and antioxidants Flashcards

1
Q

Zinc function

A
  • DNA and protein synthesize( regulates how our genes are expressed)
  • Release of vitamin A from stores
  • Synthesize,storage,release of insulin ( in the pancreas)
  • Taste perception
  • Free radical protection(antioxidant)
  • RBC synthesis- heme,blood clotting
  • Immune function, wound healing,pressure ulcers
  • Growth and development, reproduction
  • Influences behavior and learning
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2
Q

One of the early signs of zinc deficiency

A

Loss of taste

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3
Q

When people lie in bed for a long time without movement

A

Pressure ulcers and bedsores

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4
Q

Zinc function as metalloenzyme. Give a definition of metalloenzyme

A

Enzymes that function with trace metals, they help them to function faster and more effectively. In other words, cofactors

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5
Q

What foods are the best sources of zinc?

A

Animal sources as they have high content and have the best bioavailability

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6
Q

Sources of zinc in food

A

Beef, eggs, Seafood( oysters the best source of zinc),dairy, legumes

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7
Q

RDA and UL for zinc

A

RDA men-11 mg/day
women -8 mg/day
UL-40 mg/day

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8
Q

How can be UL for zinc be achieved

A

By getting supplements

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9
Q

Describe the pathway of zinc when it gets in the body

A
  • Zinc is released from ligands in which it was bound in food because of the acidity
  • It goes to mucosal cells, where it can be stored in the form of metallothionein
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10
Q

If the body needs zinc what happens

A

Metallothionein releases zinc to albumin and transferrin to transfer around the body

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11
Q

If the body does not need zinc what happens

A

Zinc is not absorbed and excreted in intestinal cells instead, the zinc absorption is decreased

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12
Q

Where zinc goes from the blood

A

The pancreas uses zinc to make digestive enzymes

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13
Q

What happens to zinc in digestive enzymes and what is the consequence of that?

A

It gets reabsorbed, so it takes a lot of time to become deficient in zinc

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14
Q

What are the enhancers in zinc absorption

A

Acids

Amino acids

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15
Q

Zinc absorption inhibitors

A 
Phytate
Oxylate
Polyphenols(chocolate)
Fibre-insoluble
Other divalent cations ( Ca,Fe,Cu)
Folate
H2 blockers that reduce acidity
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16
Q

What is the absorption range for zinc?

A

15-40%

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17
Q

Total body zinc content is controlled between

A

-Absorption efficiency of dietary zinc and endogenous circulation in pancreatic fluid

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18
Q

What happens to absorption of zinc at low intakes?

A

Increases, also recycling from pancreas to small intestine

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19
Q

How do we lose zinc?

A
  • Endogenous fecal losses increase several times at high intakes
  • Sweat
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20
Q

Steps in dietary zinc deficiency

A

Increased losses/decreased intake ——->increased absorption/decreased losses—–>Tissue zinc conservation——>Mobilization of zinc from exchangeable pool——>General tissue disfunction

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21
Q

Is it easy to diagnose zinc deficiency ?

A

No, because it is so connected with GI, it is in bones,blood, but in small quantities. No sensitive or specific test

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22
Q

Why zinc deficiency often diagnosed as PEM (protein energy malnutrition)

A

Because of zinc deficiency diarrhea can happen that we exacerbate PEM

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23
Q

What happens with zinc deficiency and the most vulnerable population

A
  • Compromised growth and development
  • Poor appetite
  • Immune system and CNS dysfunction
  • Widespread in developing world
  • Children are most vulnerable
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24
Q

Is zinc deficiency common in Canada? why?

A

Not so common, because usually foods gets zinc from the soil. Now, when we get food from a variety of places-> not a problem

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25
Q

Symptoms of zinc deficiency

A
  • Nausea,vomiting,diarrhea, interference with copper metabolism
  • Can cause iron deficiency
  • Increased intestinal metallothionein
  • Reduced immunity,urinary problems
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26
Q

What is the take-home message for zinc?

A

Try to meet the needs from the diet

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27
Q

Iodine is a part of what hormone

A

-Thyroxin-thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

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28
Q

Thyroxin : function

A
  • Metabolic rate of every cell
  • Body temperature
  • RBC synthesis
  • Growth,reproduction
  • Brain development
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29
Q

What is the RDA and UL for iodine

A

RDA- 150 microgram

UL-1100 microgram

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30
Q

What was done in order to prevent iodine deficiency and did it solve the problem?

A

-Iodized salt( in 2 g the RDA, the usual adult intake is 8g/day)

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31
Q

How many people is deficient in iodine?

A

200 million people

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32
Q

Diseases from iodine deficiency

A
  • Goiter

- Cretinism ( when iodine deficiency during pregnancy)

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33
Q

Food sources of iodine

A
  • Seaweed and seafood

- A little in dairy now, because the machinery are cleaned with iodine solution

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34
Q

Iodine regulating pathway

A

1) hypothalamus produces thyroid regulating hormone (TRH)
2) TRH signals pituitary gland to synthesize TSH( thyroid stimulating hormone)
3) TSH initiates T3 and T4 synthesis

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35
Q

When there is not enough iodine and T3 and T4 are not produced in the desired quantity, what happens

A

There is a feedback to hypothalamus to secrete more TRH. The whole pathway of iodine repeats. Enlarged thyroid gland, because it tries to satisfy the needs

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36
Q

Should you take supplements for iodine?

A

No, meet your needs with diet, if deficient , will be corrected with drugs

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37
Q

Iron and Zinc interactions

A

Iron overload—->Fe occupies all transferrin binding sites->decreased Zn absorption and transport

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38
Q

Zinc and Copper interactions

A

High diet in Zinc—-> high metallothionein-> Cu is bonded more strongly—-> not released from mucosal cells

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39
Q

Protein and Zinc interactions

A

Low protein—> low albumin—–>less Zn released from mucosal cell—->more growth,failure,immune disfunction

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40
Q

Where vitamin K can be found

A

Food sources: green vegetables(cauliflower, cabbage,canola oil,spinach, soybeans,lettuce) , liver, milk
-Produced in colon bacteria, but not in sufficient amounts, so still a vitamin

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41
Q

Other names for vitamin K

A

Phylloquinone,menadione

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42
Q

Vitamin K functions

A
  • Synthesis of bone proteins to enable Ca binding( osteocalcin to maintain mineralization)
  • Blood clotting-Prothrombin
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43
Q

Deficiency of vitamin K can be caused by

A
  • Fat malabsorption
  • Newborns( as they do not have microbiota yet, and there is little vitamin K in the breast milk)
  • Antibiotic use kill off vitamin K producing bacteria
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44
Q

What would happen without vitamin K?

A

We would bleed out

45
Q

What does vitamin K do in the blood clotting?

A

It activates conversion to prothrombin
Prothrombin—–>Thrombin
Thrombin converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin

46
Q

Is there a UL for vitamin K?

A

No

47
Q

What is Warfarin?

A

Anticoagulant

48
Q

What is the concern for people who take Warfarin?

A

They should maintain the intake of vitamin K, because sudden changes of Vit K from food can affect the potency of medication

49
Q

What is the antidote for too thin blood?

A

Vitamin K

50
Q

What is antioxidant?

A

A molecule that have a free electron to calm down unpaired electrons in radicals

51
Q

How can radicals occur?

A

From the oxidation process in the body

52
Q

What are the consequences of oxidative stress?

A

Damage to DNA, proteins,lipids

As the result->cancer, CVD,compromised immune function,cataracts

53
Q

What lipids can be easily oxidized by free radicals and where

A

PUFAs in the cell membrane

54
Q

What happens when DNA and RNA are influenced with free radicals

A

-Absence of specific proteins, excess of specific protein

55
Q

What happens with proteins are influenced by free radicals

A

Impaired cell function

Inflammatory responce

56
Q

How many children are deficient in Vitamin A

A

100 millions

57
Q

If vitamin A is taken in adequate doses then,

A

It decreases fatality from measles

Prevent blindeness

58
Q

What happens with vitamin A toxicity

A

Birth defects

59
Q

What is the precursor for vitamin A

A

Caratenoids and especially, beta-carotene

60
Q

Three forms of vitamin A and the difference

A
  • Retinol( alcohol form)
  • Retinal ( aldehyde form)
  • Retinoic acid ( acid from)
61
Q

RDA for vitamin A

A

men - 900 micro RAE

women -700 micro RAE

62
Q

How much beta-carotene is needed for 1 vitamin A molecule

A

12

63
Q

Where caratenoids and retinoids can be found

A

In vegetables -caratenoids

Retinoids-animal food

64
Q

How vitamin A is stored?

A

In the form of retinol

65
Q

The pathway of vitamin A in the body

A

-Retinoids—->retinol(supports reproduction)
Carotenoids —->Retinal ( participates in vision)
RetinolRetinal—->Retinoic acid (regulates growth through cell differentiation and DNA function)

66
Q

The first sign of vitamin A deficiency is

A

Night blindness

67
Q

Describe the role of vitamin A in vision

A

Pigment in the retina has rhodopsin, which associated with cis-retinal. When rhodopsin absorbs the light, cis -retinal is converted to trans-retinal—>brain signal

68
Q

Vitamin A deficiency : consequences in vision

A
  • Nightblindness (retinal)
  • Bitot’s spots ( retinoic acid)
  • Xerophthalmia- the eye loses flexibility, dry of the eye and tear ducts ( retinoic acid)
  • Keratomalacia-the cornea-the front of the eye, becomes clody and softens (retinoic acid)
69
Q

Vit A deficiency and skin

A

-Hyperkeratosis- when the surface of the skin becomes very rough

70
Q

Vitamin A and mucous membrane

A

Vitamin A maintains healthy cells in mucous membranes

Without vitamin A, the normal structure and function of the cells in the mucous cells are impaired

71
Q

Retinoic acid function

A
  • Cell differentiation by gene expression regulation
  • Affects embryotic development
  • Function of goblet and epithelial cells( mucous membrane lining defensive barrier)
  • Immunity( epithelial defense+ direct immune system)
  • Growth( cell division, bone remodeling)
72
Q

Deficiency of retinoic acid

A
  • Decreased membrane integrity,taste,digestion,absorption
  • Stunting
  • HIV,malaria
  • Upper respiratory tract infections, diarrhea
73
Q

Retinoic acid toxicity

A

-Malformation in all organs during pregnancy

74
Q

Can you become toxic of vitamin A from beta-carotene? then how you can

A

No

From liver,fortified food, supplements

75
Q

When does vitamin A toxicity happen?

A

Develops when binding proteins are loaded and vitamin A is free to damage the cells

76
Q

Who is the most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity?

A

Children

77
Q

UL for vitamin A

A

3000 micro grams RAE

78
Q

What happens with vitamin A toxicity

A

Bone and birth defects

Hip fractures in postmenopausal women

79
Q

Best sources for vitamin A

A
  • Liver ( careful how much you eat)
  • Sweet potato
  • Mango
  • Carrots
  • Brocolli
  • Fortified food
80
Q

How to increase vitamin A status

A
  • Eat more vitamin A rich foods
  • Shot every 6 month
  • Fortify food supply
  • GMOs( golden rice)
81
Q

Why you need to drink fat milk?

A

Because fat soluble vitamins are better absorbed with fat (e.g. vitamin A)

82
Q

Another name for vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid

83
Q

Function of vitamin C

A
  • Collagen in skeletal: bone,teeth development,scar tissue,wound healing
  • Hormone synthesis
  • Antioxidant,reducing agent
  • Cofactor with many reactions: hormones, neurotransmitters ( serotonin)
  • Immune system:antioxidant
84
Q

What happens with vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy- scorbutic gums-> loss of teeth

also pinpoint hemorrhages( small red dots in the skin)

85
Q

What is RDA for vitamin C, UL

A

RDA men-100 mg
RDA women-80 mg
UL- 2000 mg

86
Q

Why smokers need higher Vitamin C?

A

Because of the free radicals

87
Q

The best food source for vitamin C

A 
Red bell pepper
Kiwi
Brussel sprouts
Strawberries
Orange
Brocolli
Tomato juice
88
Q

Vitamin C megadoses: consequences

A
  • False positive urinalysis
  • Drug interactions
  • Oxidative stress: interaction with iron
  • Kidney stones
89
Q

What is the only form of vitamin E we can use

A

Alpha-Tocopherol

90
Q

Vitamin E function

A
  • Protects PUFAs in membrane lipids from oxidation
  • Protects lungs, heart from oxidation and inflammation
  • protects lipids in foods, to protect PUFA oils
91
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin E deficiency and is it a primary or secondary deficiency ?

A

Secondary deficiency (cystic fibrosis)

  • RBCs break-haemolysis
  • WBCs break-immune function
  • cataracts,arthritis,cancer,fibrocystic breast disease, CVD( LDL oxidation)
  • Neurologic disfunction
92
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

-interferes with anticlotting reactions-> that is why you need to stop to take vitamin E before the surgery

93
Q

Is vitamin E toxicity widespread?

A

No, it is regulated by liver

94
Q

RDA and UL for vitamin E

A

RDA- 15 micrograms/day

UL-1000 micrograms/day

95
Q

Vitamin E in foods

A

PUFAs oil or foods containing PUFAs( nuts,friuts , veg)

Very susceptible to oxidation, needs to kept not in the light and heat

96
Q

Vitamin E positive effects

A
  • Cataract prevention
  • Immune system function
  • Cancer
  • Neurological( Parkinson’s)
97
Q

Other antioxidants

A
  • metalloenzymes (Se,Mn,Zn,Fe)
  • Glutathione-tripepeptide
  • Phytochemicals
98
Q

Classes of phytochemicals

A
  • Polyphenols
  • Resveratrol
  • Lutein( tomatoes)
  • Zeaxanthin( wine, grapes)
99
Q

Foods rich in Se

A

Meats,milk,eggs, Brazil nuts

100
Q

Increasing fruits and veg

A

decreases cancer, CVD,DM2,Obesity,vision loss, GI issues

101
Q

What is phytochemical

A

Non-nutrient components of plants that are biologically active and believed to be protective against disease

102
Q

What is the biggest source for phytochemicals we consume?

A

Coffee

103
Q

Do we need to take supplements with antioxidants

A

Was not proved that it prevents mortality. the same is fir fish oil supplements

104
Q

What are some concerns with supplementation?

A

Marketing
Sometimes costly and harmful to health
Physician should prescribe

105
Q

Who controls supplementation package ?

A

Natural Heath Products Regulation

106
Q

Pros for supplementation

A
  • Correct deficiencies
  • Improve nutritional status
  • Decrease chronic disease risk
  • Support increased needs- lifecycle, illness
  • Vegan diets
107
Q

Cons for supplementation

A
  • Toxicity
  • False sense of security
  • Bioavailability
  • Interactions
  • Unknown ideal supplement
  • Misinformation,claims
  • Cost
108
Q

Functional foods- definition and examples

A

-Foods that contain physiologically active compounds that provide health benefits beyond their nutritional value

Flax, tomatoes, blueberries, salmon,Dark chocolate, probiotics to yogurt

Nutrition 207 (17 decks)

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