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Nutrition 207 > Basic concepts > Flashcards

Basic concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition, definition

A
  • The study of food, nutrients and other substances within food and the body’s handling of them.
  • The study of the environment and of human behavior as relevant
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2
Q

Macronutrients vs micronutrients

A

Macronutrients (lipids, proteins, carbohydrate, needed in big amounts)
Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals, needed in small amounts milligrams,micrograms)

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3
Q

How do the causes of death in Canada differ from poor areas?

A

Canada: Lifestyle diseases (cancer, heart disease, stroke) Poor Areas: infectious diseases

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4
Q

Is fibre a micronutrient or macronutrient?

A

Neither, just a necessary one.

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5
Q

Everything we need to take is..

A
  • Micronutrient
  • Macronutrient
  • Water
  • Oxygen
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6
Q

Phytochemicals are

A
  • Plant-based

- May have effects on our body( positive and negative)

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7
Q

From what source we get calories?

A

Macronutrients

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8
Q

Groups of phytochemicals

A
  • Polyphenols
  • Terpenes
  • Sulfur compounds
  • Saponins
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9
Q

How can we activate or disactivate the phytochemicals?

A

Through cooking

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10
Q

Nowadays, what do nutrition experts want us to focus on?

A

Nutrition to prevent chronic diseases

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11
Q

Define a risk factor.

A

Condition or characteristic associated with an outcome (NOT necessarily causal)

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12
Q

Give examples of risk factors.

A
  • Diet/Obesity - Tobacco + smoking - Lifestyle
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13
Q

What is the #1 preventable cause of death?

A

obesity

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14
Q

Give some(5) examples of reasons that influence our food choices.

A
  • Habit
  • Heritage/Tradition
  • Availability/Economy
  • Emotional comfort
  • Values
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15
Q

What is the health cascade?

A

Regular exercise -> better stress management -> better sleep -> better food decisions -> more energy -> less chronic disease

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16
Q

Define energy balance.

A

The relation between intake of food and output of work (as in muscular or secretory activity).

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17
Q

What are some arguments for a meatless diet?

A
  • Physical health
  • Ecological responsibility
  • Philosophical concerns
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18
Q

What is AMDR? and its value for macronutrients

A 
AMDR( acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges)
Protein 10-35%
Fat 20-35%
Carbohydrate- 45-65%
Women 2000 calories, men 2500
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19
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body’s tissues.

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20
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

Must be obtained from food since the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs.

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21
Q

What are the three rules that make up an essential nutrient.

A

1) Accomplish a biological function 2) Cannot be taken out of the body 3) Either not produced, or not produced in sufficient quantities by the human body

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22
Q

We need nutrients as…

A

1)Raw material( maintenance and repair of tissues)
Growth
Regulate vital processes in the body
2) Source of energy

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23
Q

Name the six classes of nutrients found in food.

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, minerals, water, vitamins

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24
Q

Which nutrients are inorganic?

A

Minerals and water

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25
Q

Discuss the distinction between organic and inorganic nutrients.

A
  • Inorganic: no carbon - Organic: carbon, element found in living things
26
Q

Which nutrients yield energy?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and protein (alcohol –> not a nutrient)

27
Q

How much energy, per gram, does each nutrient yield?

A

Carbs: 4kcal/g Protein: 4kcal/g Fat: 9kcal/g (Alcohol): 7kcal/g

28
Q

Apart from diet, what other subjects does nutrition touch upon?

A
  • How foods act, are processed, affect our health - Epigenetic - Environmental issues - Behavioural issues
29
Q

Name the 4 main deficiency issues today.

A
  • Protein & energy( stunting, wasting
  • Iron (anemia)
  • Vitamin A (xerophthalmia) –> blindness
  • Iodine (goiter)
30
Q

What do deficiency diseases cause?

A

Immune problems, which lead to infections and parasites

31
Q

Thiamin is

A

Vitamin b1

32
Q

Niacin is

A

Vitamin b3

33
Q

Ascorbic acid

A

Vitamin c

34
Q

What is the link between nutrition and immunity?

A

Malnutrition & infection worsen each other

35
Q

Folate is

A

vitamin b9

36
Q

Pyrodoxine

A

vitamin b 6

37
Q

Apart from preventing chronic diseases, what else does nutrition focus on nowadays?

A

Eating disorders, GMOs, eating local

38
Q

What is the centrepiece of medicine?

A

Nutrition, Hyppocrates

39
Q

Name some types of company claims

A

“Natural”, quick fixes, meaningless medical jargon

40
Q

What are the three types of epidemiological studies?

A
  • Cross-Sectional ( researchers observe how much and what kinds of foods a group of people eat and how healthy those people are.Their findings identify factors that might influence the incidence of a disease in various populations)
  • Case-Control (researchers compare people who do and do not have a given condition such as disease, closely matching them in age,gender,and other key variables so that differences in other factors will stand out)
  • Cohort ( researchers analyze data collected from a selected group of people ( a cohort) at intervals over a certain period of time( Denmark and Greenland omega 3 and omega 6)
41
Q

What is an epidemiological study?

A

Research the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population.

42
Q

What are the three types of experimental studies?

A
  • Laboratory-based animal
  • Lab-based in vitro ( researchers examine the effects of a specific variable on a tissue, cell, or molecule isolated from a living)
  • Human Intervention (clinical) trial
43
Q

What is an experimental study?

A

Test cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

44
Q

Cornerstones for nutrition research

A
  • Randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded clinical trials
  • Sample size
  • Representative sample
  • Replication
45
Q

How does research reach the population?

A

Nutrition research -> expert review -> public health message (Health Canada) -> change in behaviour?

46
Q

Explain how variables might be correlational but not causal.

A

Correlational evidence proves only that variables are associated, not that one is the cause of the other.

47
Q

Define DRI.

A

Dietary Reference Intakes are a set of nutrient intake values used to plan and evaluate diets for healthy people.

48
Q

Define the EAR

A

Estimated Average Requirements define the amount of a nutrient that supports a specific function in the body for HALF of the population.

49
Q

Define the RDA.

A

Recommended Dietary Allowances are based on the EAR + 2 standard deviations, meets 97.5% of population needs.

50
Q

Is cholesterol an essential nutrient?

A

No, we can make it in the liver

51
Q

Define AI.

A

Adequate Intake serves a similar purpose when there is not enough scientific evidence to determine an RDA.

52
Q

Define UL.

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level establishes the highest amount that appears safe for regular consumption.

53
Q

What is the purpose of DRIs.

A

Meet requirements for most, not setting a recommendation too high (toxicity), based on evidence

54
Q

Which DRI is better for groups? Which is better for individuals?

A

Groups: EAR Individuals: RDA

55
Q

WHO,FAO,UNU

A

WHO-world health organization
FAO- food and agriculture organization
UNU- union nations university

56
Q

Standard deviation

A

the difference in population for most metabolic reactions( approximately for all the reactions 12.5% of the population)

57
Q

Why is there no DRI for energy?

A

Because ANY excess will result in weight gain (toxicity). Instead, we prescribe a number for a population group. ( energy efficiency rating)

58
Q

What happens when people get either too little or too much energy or nutrients?

A

Malnutrition develops when people get too little, too much, or an imbalance of energy or nutrients.

59
Q

What we want to avoid with the recommendations

A

To avoid toxicity. We dont want anyone to cross UL,because sometimes the toxicity symptoms are severe

60
Q

Children need more… than adults

A

Protein ( in dairy)

Nutrition 207 (17 decks)

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