Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Differentiate pulmonary and systemic circulation.

Answer 1

Pulmonary: blood cycle to the lungs Systemic: blood cycle around the body

Question 2

Differentiate arteries and veins

Answer 2

Arteries: oxygenated, blood from the heart
Veins: deoxygenated, blood from body

Question 3

What is the name of the artery that brings blood from the ride ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation

Answer 3

Pulmonary artery

Question 4

The compartments of the heart

Answer 4

Two Ventricles and two atrium

Question 5

Where does the blood from the GI tract go? How?

Answer 5

To the liver through the hepatic portal vein

Question 6

Where are water soluble lipids absorbed?

Answer 6

Bloodstream

Question 7

Where are non water soluble taken to?

Answer 7

Lymphatic system

Question 8

Why do we have lymphatic system?

Answer 8

We do not want concentrated hydrophobic particles in the blood from GI tract, because there is a little flow of blood and we do not want the liver to give concentrated fat

Question 9

What is the structure of hepatic portal vein

Answer 9

It has thin walls for better exchange

Question 10

What does the blood going to the liver have?

Answer 10

Water soluble nutrients , such as glucose, amino acids,vitamins,minerals, water soluble lipids( short and medium fatty acids),glycerol

Question 11

What liver do with the blood that goes through it?

Answer 11

It picks up nutrients for its own need first, can digest some of the nutrients, the rest goes back to the circulatory system

Question 12

How does liver receive blood in the body?

Answer 12

From hepatic portal vein from GI tract and from Hepatic artery from the heart

Question 13

How does blood circulate in the body?

Answer 13

1) Blood leaves right ventricle and through the pulmonary artery goes to the lungs for oxygenation
2) From the lungs through the pulmonary vein oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart
3) From the left ventricle by the way of aorta blood is launched into the body or in the head
4) returns back to the right atrium

Question 14

Where do all the veins( hepatic vein, vein from the head) and lymph system connect?

Answer 14

Thoracic duct in the chest

Question 15

What does the turn two-loop system mean?

Answer 15

That we have pulmonary and circulatory circles

Question 16

Where is the highest blood pressure?

Answer 16

Blood out of the aorta

Question 17

What does the lymph from the GI tract transport?

Answer 17

Transports fat and fat-soluble vitamins to the bloodstream via lymphatic vessels

Question 18

The difference in structure between arteries and veins

Answer 18

Veins-low pressure, walls are thin

Arteries-thick muscle wall,elastic to accommodate high pressure , smooth lining inside

Question 19

Lymphatic nodes

Answer 19

Part of the lymph system with lots of immune cells

Question 20

What are the CO2/O2 exchanges in the lungs? Tissues?

Answer 20

Lungs: blood gives up CO2 and accepts O2 from air sacs of the lungs Tissues: opposite

Question 21

What allows oxygen and CO2 exchange?

Answer 21

Thin epithelial walls of capillaries

Question 22

What is the functional unit of the lungs?

Answer 22

Alveolis

Question 23

What is the major chronic disease influenced by nutrition?

Answer 23

Atherosclerosis

Question 24

Describe how atherosclerosis forms.

Answer 24

Lipid particles squeezing in arterial walls and staying there, being attacked by immune system –> inflammation –> becomes hard, not elasctic

Question 25

Where does atherosclerosis form?

Answer 25

ONLY arteries

Question 26

Describe the 3 damages of atherosclerosis.

Answer 26

1) Narrows the lumen 2) Walls aren’t elastic - RIGID 3) Walls aren’t smooth - ROUGH

Question 27

What is peripheral artery disease?

Answer 27

clot breaks away and gets caught in a smaller artery( for example, in the leg)

Question 28

What diseases dies atheroclerosis stimulate?

Answer 28

Coronary heart disease

Peripheral Artery disease

Question 29

What causes heart attacks and strokes?

Answer 29

Cells getting caught in rough arteries, forming a clot Heart: Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Brain: stroke

Question 30

Which arteries are prone to getting blocked?

Answer 30

Coronary arteries

Question 31

What medical interventions can be done to solve the problem of blocked artery?

Answer 31

Artery stent-ambulatory procedure

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting(CABG)- massive, superlong,severe

Question 32

Name some non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.

Answer 32

Men > Women
Men older than 45, Women older than 55
Family history of heart disease

Question 33

What is the difficulty with women and heart disease

Answer 33

It is harder to diagnose, not evident symptoms

Question 34

Name some modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis.

Answer 34

Smoking, stress, sedentary behaviour, diet, visceral obesity, hypertension, diabetes

Question 35

Define metabolic syndrome.

Answer 35

Any three factors will increase the risk of atherosclerosis.

Question 36

Give examples of metabolic syndrome factors.

Answer 36

Abdominal obesity(visceral fat), high triglyceride, low HDL, blood pressure, fasting glucose

Question 37

What are the population recommendations for chronic disease?

Answer 37

Dietary Guidelines, screening tests

Question 38

What are the individuals recommendations for chronic disease?

Answer 38

Urge dietary changes

Question 39

What are each individuals recommendations for chronic disease?

Answer 39

Genomics may allow for individual nutritional recommendations

Question 40

Aorta->arteries->

Answer 40

arterioles->capillaries