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Nutrition 207 > Integration in Metabolism > Flashcards

Integration in Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis is

A

A metabolic condition that is the result of dynamic processes to maintain a constant internal environment despite a changing external environment

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2
Q

What is considered a changing external environment?

A

Diet

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3
Q

What anabolic reactions are happening in the fed state

A

All the reactions are happening with different input of energy
Glucose+glucose=glycogen
Glycerol+FA=triglycerides ->adipose tissue
AA+AA=Protein

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4
Q

Why we are using storage during fasting state?

A

Because we do not have absorption

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5
Q

What is the dominant hormone during fasting and fed state?

A

Glucagon and insulin

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6
Q

What catabolic reactions are happening during fasting state?

A

Glycogen->glucose
TGs->Glycerol+FA
Protein->AA

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7
Q

What chemical and through what reaction protein is converted to AA?

A

Proteolysis performed by proteases

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8
Q

Two types of AA

A

Glycogenic and ketogenic

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9
Q

Can pyruvate be converted to AA?

A

Yes, but only for nonessential AA

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10
Q

Describe the pathway of AA breakdown

A

Glycogenic AA->pyruvate->acetyl CoA or glucose

Ketogenic AA->AcetylCoA->fat or TCA cycle

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11
Q

The other name for fed state

A

Postprandial

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12
Q

What is done to protein in the body( brief) during fed state

A

Protein->AA->1)first used to replace body proteins
2)synthesized in glucose or fat,depending on carbon skeleton
3)entering directly TCA cycle
Converted to urea as well

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13
Q

What happens when body switches from fed state to fasting state?

A

Liver and muscle glycogen stores->glucose->energy

Body fat stores->FA->energy

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14
Q

Describe the fed state CHO

A

CHO 1)glucose first goes to the liver. Increase in blood glucose is detected by the pancreas and the insulin is secreted .
2)insulin instructs liver and muscle store glucose as glycogen, cells to uptake glucose and the excess of glucose to convert into fat

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15
Q

Describe fat during fed state

A

TGs->chylomicrons->lymph->blood->giving away TGs->liver captures chylomicrons remnants->liver rearranges chylomicrons adding endogenous fat->VLDL->adipose tissue taking up TGs

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16
Q

What is the source of energy when fat is stored?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

When protein synthesize is bigger than protein break down?

A

During fed state

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18
Q

Describe what happens to the protein during fed state

A

After absorption protein goes to the liver first. Liver detects increase in protein concentration, liver increases protein synthesize.

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19
Q

When is the time when we are building protein

A

During fed state

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20
Q

3 ways how glucose is used during fed state

A

1) for their own metabolism
2) muscle and liver to store glycogen for short-term fast
3) for long term fast storage in adipose tissue

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21
Q

What is considered short term fast and long term fast

A

Short term fast- breakfast time

Long term fast- 24 hours-48 hours

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22
Q

Is there a sharp change between fed and short term fast?

A

No, there is a smooth change. When in the short term fast the dominant hormone is glucagon,insulin is still present

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23
Q

What is the preferable source of energy for brain?

A

Glucose

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24
Q

What happens to the protein and AA during short term fast?

A

AA pool gets smaller. Increase in protein break down to keep AA pool pretty steady(higher protein break down than synthesize)

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25
Q

What happens to CHO during short term fast?

A

As we do nit absorb glucose->low blood glucose->pancreas detects it->glucagon secretion . Glucagon releases glycogen to feed the brain.(liver)
Glycogen in muscles is used by muscles
For Fly or Fight response in case

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26
Q

From what sources glycogen is used to feed the brain?

A

Liver

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27
Q

Why glycogen in muscles stays in muscles for energy?

A

Because they prefer to use glycogen instead of fat for source of energy

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28
Q

What happens to fat and TGs during short term fast?

A

Hormone sensitive lipase hydrolyses TGs from adipose tissue. FA+albumin->to the cells , where they enter TCA cycle for energy. Glycerol can be used to synthesize glucose

29
Q

What happens during long term fast?

A

No more glycogen, glucose is a limiting agent, but brain still needs glucose. Increase in AA breakdown( especially glycogenic AA)->production of glucose

Increased hydrolyses from adipose cells . MAINLY fat oxidation in the blood. Fat-based metabolism. A LOT OF acetyl CoA.

NET LOSS of protein to synthesize glucose. Accumulation of acetylCoA, because it is produced faster than it can be removed by TCA cycle

30
Q

To what compounds glucose can be converted and how we can get glucose?

A

Glucosepyruvate—>acetylCoA
Glycerolglucose
LactatePyruvateGlycogenic amino acids
Fatty acidsAcetylCoa

31
Q

How many carbons can be converted to glucose from TGs

A

3 out of 54

32
Q

5 ways how AA can be used

A

1) synthesize of protein
2) glucose
3) pyruvate
4) acetylCoa
5) TCA cycle

33
Q

Can TCA cycle “survive” only on acetylCoA

A

No, we need pyruvate as well.Without pyruvate TCA cycle gets stuck

34
Q

Describe what happens to acetylCoA when it accumulates in the blood

A

2 acetylCoA->acetoacetate(ketone body) , which has both ketone and acid group

35
Q

How can acetoacetate be used?

A

Can be converted to beta-hydroxybutyrate or acetone

36
Q

What is the good thing and a bid thing about ketones in the blood?

A

Brain can oxidize ketone bodies and ketone spares protein (less protein break down). No break down of protein
BUT
beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are acids.Metabolic acidoses,potentially fatal by lowering pH

37
Q

What is ketogenic diet?

A

Extreme low in CHO to promote fatty acid oxidation in absence of glucose

38
Q

What is the problem with ketogenic diet?

A

Very hard to maintain

39
Q

What disease is treated with ketogenic diet?

A

Certain type of epilepsy

40
Q

Why ketogenic is not for pregnant women?

A

Because fetus is using primarly glucose, no glucose , damage to fetus

41
Q

What are the consequences of not enough glucose in the blood during ketogenic diet? 7 points

A
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
  • Fatigue
  • Low blood pressure
  • High uric acid(gout)
  • Halitosis(bad breath)
  • Decreased energy expenditure
42
Q

What do we wan to avoid when losing weight?

A

decreased energy expenditure

43
Q

Why ketogenic diet is so popular and promoted?

A

Suppression of appetite

44
Q

How many people are overweight or obese in US and Canada

A

70% of the population

45
Q

What terms do malnutrition include?

A

Undernutrition and overnutrition

46
Q

Three nutritional status

A

Undernutrition
Well-nourished
Overnutrition

47
Q

Why undernutrition and overnutrition are dangerous?

A

Undernutrition- deficiency and immune-incompetence

Overnutrition- toxicity from excess energy,obesity and co-morbidities(diabetes,joints)

48
Q

What happens in the body when we have a deficiency

A

Primary deficiency or secondary deficiency->declining nutrient stores->abnormal functions inside the body->physical(outward) signs and symptoms

49
Q

How can assess primary deficiency

A

Diet history

50
Q

How can assess secondary deficiency

A

Health history

51
Q

What can laboratory test assess

A

Declining nutrient stores and abnormal function sin the body

52
Q

What is used to assess physical signs and symptoms?

A

Physical examination and anthropometric measures

53
Q

What interest us in the body composition?

A

Adipose vs lean tissue
How much fat
Where is the fat

54
Q

What is the proportion of fat vs lean tissue in men and women

A

Men- 15% fat and 85%Lean

Women- 25% fat and 75% lean

55
Q

BMI index

A

Body Mass index kg/m^2

56
Q

How much weight and from age do we start to gain weight?

A

From 20-50 a pound a year

57
Q

Describe the ranges of BMI

A 
Less than 18.5- underweight 
18.5-25- Normal weight
Overweight - 25-30
Obese class 1 30-35
obese class 2 35-40
obese class 3 40 and higher
58
Q

Why the range between 18.5 and 25 is the normal range?

A

Because it a range where there is minimal or low risk of mortality

59
Q

Why visceral fat is more dangerous?

A

It is more metabolically active and cause glucose resistance

60
Q

The cut off for waist circumference

A

Men- less than 40 inches (102 cm)

Women (35 inches) 88 cm

61
Q

What hormone is produced by adipose tissue and its effect

A

It produces adipokines

Released into plasma, promotes insulin resistance and inflammation

62
Q

What are the screening test and their pros and cons

A

Waist circumference and BMI
Pros- easy to do,cheap
Athletes can be misdiagnosed, do not give you an idea what fat

63
Q

What are the diagnostic tests?

A 
Computerized tomography (CT Scan)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scan)
64
Q

Two types of fat

A
  • Subcutaneous

- Visceral

65
Q

Modifiable risks for visceral fat

A
  • Smoking and alcohol

- Stress, saturated fat

66
Q

Non-modifiable risks for visceral fat

A

gender,genetics

Age/menopause

67
Q

Can you have visceral fat without being overweight ?

A

Yes

68
Q

With what diseases visceral fat is associated ?

A

CVD

T2DM

Nutrition 207 (17 decks)

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