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Nutrition 207 > GI tract > Flashcards

GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 functions of the GI tract.

A

Ingestion, mechanical procession(chewing), digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion

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2
Q

What is the mouth made up of?

A

Tongue, three pairs of salivary glands

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3
Q

Name the 4 functions of chewing in the mouth

A
  • Mechanical chewing - Saliva lubricates the mouth - Saliva moistens the food (helps us taste) - Enzymes begin breaking down the starch in our food
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4
Q

What is the name of the enzyme in our mouth?

A

Salivary amylase

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5
Q

Where do you want the food to pass when you swallow?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

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6
Q

Where don’t you want the food to pass?

A

Trachea, airway

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7
Q

Pharynx is…

A

Intersection of mouth, nose, 2 ears, tear ducts,trachea and esophagus

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8
Q

What is protecting the trachea from food when eating?

A

Epiglottis

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9
Q

After chewing, what do we call the food now?

A

Bolus

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10
Q

What is pH is the mouth?

A

Slightly acidic (6.5-7)

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11
Q

What is the small intestine composed of?

A

1) Duodenum 2) Jejunum 3) Illeum

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the walls of the stomach

A

Muscular, thick walls

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13
Q

Is trachea or esophagus opened all the time?

A

Trachea

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14
Q

What kind of gland is the pancreas?

A

Exocrine, secretes something through a tube It is an endocrine gland as well (directly into the bloodstream)

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15
Q

Name parts of the colon

A

Cecum,ascending colon,transverse colon,descending colon,sigmoid colon,rectum

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16
Q

Name 4 sphincters in the GI tract

A

Cardiac sphincter, Pyloric valve, ileocecal valve,anus

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17
Q

The length of the small intestine

A

6 meters

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18
Q

What does coordinate swallowing and breathing in the same time

A

Pharynx

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19
Q

Explain diaphragm structure, the function and diseases

A

Radial muscle structure that a has a hole in the center. The hole accommodates aorta,esophagus,vena cava

The diaphragm is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest. It contracts and flattens when you inhale. This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of lungs.

Usually diaphragm helps cardiac sphincter to close the stomach from esophagus. It relaxes when food comes to the stomach. But it can become looser-> the stomach does not close properly->acid reflux-> if not treated , cancer of esophagus. Also through the loosen diaphragm , digestive organs can go into the chest cavity and cause difficulties in breathing.

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20
Q

Structure of esophagus and its function

A

Smooth epithelial layer inside, Smooth muscle in the wall( longitudinal and circular), which we do not control . The coordinated contraction of circular and longitudinal walls->propulsion of the food down to the stomach

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21
Q

How many muscle layers does stomach have?

A

3

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22
Q

What is the volume of the stomach

A

2 liters

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23
Q

The difference between cardiac sphincter and pyloric valve

A

Cardiac sphincter has two-way flow, that is why we vomit

When pyloric valve allows only one way flow

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24
Q

The difference between bolus and chyme

A

When bolus gets into the stomach and mixes with the gastric juices , it becomes a chyme

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25
Q

Major functions of the stomach

A
  • Storage of ingested food for slow release into small intestine
  • Mechanical breakdown of ingested food to peristalsis to chyme (intense peristalsis in the stomach to mix it well with the juices)
  • Gastrin secretion 1.Increases peristalsis, 2.HCl secretion to activate pepsinogen(enzyme precursor that is synthesized in the stomach and stored in vesicles) to pepsin( starts to cleave peptide bonds and start protein digestion)

-Production of intrinsic factor ,a glycoprotein

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26
Q

Intrinsic factor is

A

A glycoprotein that helps the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. It bonds the vitamin and carries in the blood. Some elder people stop producing the intrinsic factor( second nutrient deficiency)

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27
Q

What is secondary nutrient deficiency

A

When the problem in the body prevents the absorption of the nutrient

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28
Q

How the stomach protects itself from the acid?

A

Mucus which is produced in goblet cells

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29
Q

The pH in the stomach

A

1.5-2

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30
Q

What does HCl do in the stomach

A

1) activates enzyme precursor (pepsinogen turns to pepsin)
2) denatures the protein, opening it for pepsin
3) Bactericidal

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31
Q

Explain the negative feedback, happening in the stomach

A

Food stimulates cells to secrete gastrin
Gastrin stimulates to secrete HCL
Stomach reaches 1.5 pH
Acidity in the stomach causes the cells in the stomach stop the secretion of the gastrin

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32
Q

What muscles are involved in peristalsis?

A

Circular and Longitudinal

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33
Q

What does the pyloric valve do?

A

Keeps the food in the stomach and GRADUALLY into the duodenum

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34
Q

Where is gastrin produced?

A

Stomach

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35
Q

What does gastrin signal the stomach cells to do?

A

increase peristalsis and secrete HCL

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36
Q

What stimulates gastrin?

A

Food in the stomach

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37
Q

Name the 4 roles of gastrin.

A

1) Signals cells to increase peristalsis 2) Tells cells to secrete HCl 3) Tells other cells to secrete mucus (protect) 4)stimulate production of intrinsic factor

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38
Q

We have a ___ blood flow in the GI tract

A

huge

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39
Q

How does the small intestine hold? Stomach? Colon?

A

Small intestine: ligaments and mesentery
Stomach: lesser omentum and greater omentum
Transverse colon is held by the mesentery tissue, greater omentum

40
Q

Characterize mesentery tissue, omentum

A

It is made of web of blood vessels,connective tissue. Has a connection to the spine. Plays a supportive and n immune function. They give a huge blood flow and support the transverse colon and not let the small intestine to twist.
Mesentery is like a tutu

41
Q

Small intestines has____

A

Folds or plika circulares

42
Q

Each fold has a ____ projection

A

Fingerlike

43
Q

What is a crypt?

A

Hole in between the villi

44
Q

Where is the greatest concentration of goblet cells?

A

Colon

45
Q

What do arteries/veins do in the villus?

A

Artery absorbs nutrients, veins bring them to the liver give away

46
Q

How long do intestinal epithelial cells live?

A

3 days (short but active lives)

47
Q

What does the lymphatic vessel in the villus do?

A

high fats(monoglycerides), non soluble in H2O(fat soluble vitamins), are transported back to the heart via the thoracic duct

48
Q

Where do the last steps of digestion occur?

A

Microvilli (brush border)

49
Q

The name of the layer where folds are

A

Mucosa

50
Q

Name 3 layers how the surface area is increased

A

1) plika 2)villi 3) microvilli

51
Q

What stimulates secretin?

A

The chyme hitting the walls of the duodenum

52
Q

What is the role of secretin?

A

Signals the pancreas to release pancreatic juice

53
Q

Where is secretin released from?

A

Duodenum

54
Q

Describe lipases, amylases, and proteases.

A

They are all enzymes, parts of pancreotic juice
Lipases: digests lipids
Amylases: digests starch + carbs
Proteases: proteins -> peptides

55
Q

What does CCK stand for?

A

Cholecystokinin

56
Q

What is the hormone: gastrin,CCK,secretin?

A

All of them. So it influences the target through the bloodstream

57
Q

What stimulates CCK?

A

Fatty chyme

58
Q

What is the role of CCK?

A

Signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile

59
Q

Name the 3 ways nutrients can be absorbed across a cell membrane.

A

1) Cell diffusion (simple diffusion) 2) Facilitated diffusion 3) Active Transport

60
Q

What is the pH in the small intestine?

A

Slightly neutral 7.5

61
Q

Does pepsin still work in the duodenum?

A

No, it is dis-activated in the slightly neutral pH

62
Q

What does bile contain?

A

Cholesterol,bile acids,bile salts

63
Q

Where does the bile produced?

A

In the liver, at a constant rate, stored in the gallbladder for later use

64
Q

How does the bile get into the small intestine?

A

through the duct

65
Q

Does the bile have enzymes?

A

No

66
Q

Which ways to absorb nutrients don’t require energy? Which do?

A

Energy: Active transport No energy: cell diffusion, facilitated diffusion

67
Q

Which sphincter can we control?

A

Rectum/anus

68
Q

Two types of digestion are happening in….

A

The lumen and on the brushborder

69
Q

What molecules are absorbed by simple diffusion

A

Water and small lipids

70
Q

What molecules are absorbed by facilitated diffusion?

A

some nutrients, for example,water soluble vitamins,

71
Q

What is absorbed by active transport?

A

Amino acids and glucose

72
Q

Why the final stage of digestion is on the brush border?

A

To make absorption easier

73
Q

Why diffusion is inefficient?

A

It can leave a lot of glucose and other nutrients behind, because simple diffusion goes from high to low concentration. As in blood we need high concentration, simple diffusion will not go

74
Q

What is the name for ‘kind of compartments’ in the large intestine

A

Haustras

75
Q

Name the 4 functions of the colon.

A

Reabsorption
Transforms intestinal content -> feces
Absorption of important vitamins
Storage of fecal matter

76
Q

What are the roles of microbiota?

A

Can influence our mood, produce vit K,folate, biotine(B7), can ferment dietary CHOs(fiber) to short fatty acids that can be used by intestinal cells as a source of energy
Autoimmune diseases, obesity

77
Q

What is microbiota

A

ecological community of commensal,symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms

78
Q

What does the colon “lack” compared to the small intestine?

A

No villi

79
Q

Define probiotics.

A

microorganisms in foods and supplements that in sufficient quantities are beneficial to health

80
Q

Define prebiotics.

A

Foods that are undigested in the small intestine, but used as food (oligosaccharides, monosaccharides, poliols-sugar alcohols) for bacteria in the colon, stimulating their growth and activity

81
Q

The structure of the colon wall

A

Simple columnar epithelium,intestinal crypts,goblet cells,longitudinal and circular muscles

82
Q

What is the pH of the blood and the diseases in its change

A
  1. 42
  2. 5-alkylosis
  3. 3 acidoses(ketodoses)
83
Q

Gastric ulcers

A

The mucus is washed away and the gastric juice distracts the stomach wall or the early duodenum
Caused by Helicobacter pylori. Treated with short term antibiotics

84
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

The damage of the smooth epithelial layer in the colom

85
Q

What happens during the stage of development of a nutrient deficiency resulting from inadequate intake?

A

Declining nutrient stores
Abnormal functions within the body
Overt signs

86
Q

Polyp is

A

The beginning of the potential cancer

87
Q

How much water is absorbed in the small intestine vs colon

A

7800 ml vs 1250 ml

88
Q

Do we only secrete saliva, bile and enzymes

A

No, we reabsorb them for later use

89
Q

Dysphagia is

A

Swallowing difficulties when the epiglottis does not close right

90
Q

Surgery can be done on loosen diaphragm to treat

A

GERD: gastro-esophageal reflux disease

91
Q

How much time does the food spends in the mouth,stomach,small intestine and colon. How does fiber influences that?

A

Less than a minute in the mouth, time in stomach 1-2 hours, time in the small intestine 7-8 hours, tome in the colon 12-14 hours

Dietary fiber slows down the emptying from the stomach, but speeds up time spent in the small intestine and overall time in the gut.

92
Q

The stimulus to gastrin,secretin,CCK

A

Gastrin-presence of foof ( peptides, aa in the gastric lumen)
Secretin-in responce to chyme in the duodenum
CCK-presence of fat in the chyme in the duodenum

93
Q

where secreted gastrin,secretin,CCK

A

Stomach
duodenum
duodenum

94
Q

Target tissue of gastrin,secretin,CCK

A

G-parietal cells in the stomach that secrete HCl
S-pancreas cells
C-smooth muscles of the gall bladder

95
Q

What happens after gastrin,secretin and CCK influences

A

G- HCl secreted,peristalsis increases
S-secretion of bicarbonate into the duodenum,production of bile in the liver
C-contraction of the gallbladder,secretion of pancreotic enzymes

96
Q

The effect of gastrin,secretin and CCK

A

g- pH lowers from 6.5 to 1.5, peristalsis mixes the food with enzymes and juices
S-pH is raised to 7.5.Pepsin stops working. Pancreotic precursors start functioning, bile synthesize
C- emulsification of lipids to simplify their digestion

Nutrition 207 (17 decks)

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