Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Nutrition 207 > GI tract > Flashcards

GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 functions of the GI tract.

A

Ingestion, mechanical procession(chewing), digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the mouth made up of?

A

Tongue, three pairs of salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the 4 functions of chewing in the mouth

A
  • Mechanical chewing - Saliva lubricates the mouth - Saliva moistens the food (helps us taste) - Enzymes begin breaking down the starch in our food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the name of the enzyme in our mouth?

A

Salivary amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do you want the food to pass when you swallow?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where don’t you want the food to pass?

A

Trachea, airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pharynx is…

A

Intersection of mouth, nose, 2 ears, tear ducts,trachea and esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is protecting the trachea from food when eating?

A

Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After chewing, what do we call the food now?

A

Bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is pH is the mouth?

A

Slightly acidic (6.5-7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the small intestine composed of?

A

1) Duodenum 2) Jejunum 3) Illeum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the structure of the walls of the stomach

A

Muscular, thick walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is trachea or esophagus opened all the time?

A

Trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of gland is the pancreas?

A

Exocrine, secretes something through a tube It is an endocrine gland as well (directly into the bloodstream)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name parts of the colon

A

Cecum,ascending colon,transverse colon,descending colon,sigmoid colon,rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 4 sphincters in the GI tract

A

Cardiac sphincter, Pyloric valve, ileocecal valve,anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The length of the small intestine

A

6 meters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does coordinate swallowing and breathing in the same time

A

Pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain diaphragm structure, the function and diseases

A

Radial muscle structure that a has a hole in the center. The hole accommodates aorta,esophagus,vena cava

The diaphragm is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest. It contracts and flattens when you inhale. This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of lungs.

Usually diaphragm helps cardiac sphincter to close the stomach from esophagus. It relaxes when food comes to the stomach. But it can become looser-> the stomach does not close properly->acid reflux-> if not treated , cancer of esophagus. Also through the loosen diaphragm , digestive organs can go into the chest cavity and cause difficulties in breathing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Structure of esophagus and its function

A

Smooth epithelial layer inside, Smooth muscle in the wall( longitudinal and circular), which we do not control . The coordinated contraction of circular and longitudinal walls->propulsion of the food down to the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How many muscle layers does stomach have?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the volume of the stomach

A

2 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The difference between cardiac sphincter and pyloric valve

A

Cardiac sphincter has two-way flow, that is why we vomit

When pyloric valve allows only one way flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The difference between bolus and chyme

A

When bolus gets into the stomach and mixes with the gastric juices , it becomes a chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Major functions of the stomach
- Storage of ingested food for slow release into small intestine - Mechanical breakdown of ingested food to peristalsis to chyme (intense peristalsis in the stomach to mix it well with the juices) - Gastrin secretion 1.Increases peristalsis, 2.HCl secretion to activate pepsinogen(enzyme precursor that is synthesized in the stomach and stored in vesicles) to pepsin( starts to cleave peptide bonds and start protein digestion) -Production of intrinsic factor ,a glycoprotein
26
Intrinsic factor is
A glycoprotein that helps the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. It bonds the vitamin and carries in the blood. Some elder people stop producing the intrinsic factor( second nutrient deficiency)
27
What is secondary nutrient deficiency
When the problem in the body prevents the absorption of the nutrient
28
How the stomach protects itself from the acid?
Mucus which is produced in goblet cells
29
The pH in the stomach
1.5-2
30
What does HCl do in the stomach
1) activates enzyme precursor (pepsinogen turns to pepsin) 2) denatures the protein, opening it for pepsin 3) Bactericidal
31
Explain the negative feedback, happening in the stomach
Food stimulates cells to secrete gastrin Gastrin stimulates to secrete HCL Stomach reaches 1.5 pH Acidity in the stomach causes the cells in the stomach stop the secretion of the gastrin
32
What muscles are involved in peristalsis?
Circular and Longitudinal
33
What does the pyloric valve do?
Keeps the food in the stomach and GRADUALLY into the duodenum
34
Where is gastrin produced?
Stomach
35
What does gastrin signal the stomach cells to do?
increase peristalsis and secrete HCL
36
What stimulates gastrin?
Food in the stomach
37
Name the 4 roles of gastrin.
1) Signals cells to increase peristalsis 2) Tells cells to secrete HCl 3) Tells other cells to secrete mucus (protect) 4)stimulate production of intrinsic factor
38
We have a ___ blood flow in the GI tract
huge
39
How does the small intestine hold? Stomach? Colon?
Small intestine: ligaments and mesentery Stomach: lesser omentum and greater omentum Transverse colon is held by the mesentery tissue, greater omentum
40
Characterize mesentery tissue, omentum
It is made of web of blood vessels,connective tissue. Has a connection to the spine. Plays a supportive and n immune function. They give a huge blood flow and support the transverse colon and not let the small intestine to twist. Mesentery is like a tutu
41
Small intestines has____
Folds or plika circulares
42
Each fold has a ____ projection
Fingerlike
43
What is a crypt?
Hole in between the villi
44
Where is the greatest concentration of goblet cells?
Colon
45
What do arteries/veins do in the villus?
Artery absorbs nutrients, veins bring them to the liver give away
46
How long do intestinal epithelial cells live?
3 days (short but active lives)
47
What does the lymphatic vessel in the villus do?
high fats(monoglycerides), non soluble in H2O(fat soluble vitamins), are transported back to the heart via the thoracic duct
48
Where do the last steps of digestion occur?
Microvilli (brush border)
49
The name of the layer where folds are
Mucosa
50
Name 3 layers how the surface area is increased
1) plika 2)villi 3) microvilli
51
What stimulates secretin?
The chyme hitting the walls of the duodenum
52
What is the role of secretin?
Signals the pancreas to release pancreatic juice
53
Where is secretin released from?
Duodenum
54
Describe lipases, amylases, and proteases.
They are all enzymes, parts of pancreotic juice Lipases: digests lipids Amylases: digests starch + carbs Proteases: proteins -> peptides
55
What does CCK stand for?
Cholecystokinin
56
What is the hormone: gastrin,CCK,secretin?
All of them. So it influences the target through the bloodstream
57
What stimulates CCK?
Fatty chyme
58
What is the role of CCK?
Signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile
59
Name the 3 ways nutrients can be absorbed across a cell membrane.
1) Cell diffusion (simple diffusion) 2) Facilitated diffusion 3) Active Transport
60
What is the pH in the small intestine?
Slightly neutral 7.5
61
Does pepsin still work in the duodenum?
No, it is dis-activated in the slightly neutral pH
62
What does bile contain?
Cholesterol,bile acids,bile salts
63
Where does the bile produced?
In the liver, at a constant rate, stored in the gallbladder for later use
64
How does the bile get into the small intestine?
through the duct
65
Does the bile have enzymes?
No
66
Which ways to absorb nutrients don't require energy? Which do?
Energy: Active transport No energy: cell diffusion, facilitated diffusion
67
Which sphincter can we control?
Rectum/anus
68
Two types of digestion are happening in....
The lumen and on the brushborder
69
What molecules are absorbed by simple diffusion
Water and small lipids
70
What molecules are absorbed by facilitated diffusion?
some nutrients, for example,water soluble vitamins,
71
What is absorbed by active transport?
Amino acids and glucose
72
Why the final stage of digestion is on the brush border?
To make absorption easier
73
Why diffusion is inefficient?
It can leave a lot of glucose and other nutrients behind, because simple diffusion goes from high to low concentration. As in blood we need high concentration, simple diffusion will not go
74
What is the name for 'kind of compartments' in the large intestine
Haustras
75
Name the 4 functions of the colon.
Reabsorption Transforms intestinal content -> feces Absorption of important vitamins Storage of fecal matter
76
What are the roles of microbiota?
Can influence our mood, produce vit K,folate, biotine(B7), can ferment dietary CHOs(fiber) to short fatty acids that can be used by intestinal cells as a source of energy Autoimmune diseases, obesity
77
What is microbiota
ecological community of commensal,symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms
78
What does the colon "lack" compared to the small intestine?
No villi
79
Define probiotics.
microorganisms in foods and supplements that in sufficient quantities are beneficial to health
80
Define prebiotics.
Foods that are undigested in the small intestine, but used as food (oligosaccharides, monosaccharides, poliols-sugar alcohols) for bacteria in the colon, stimulating their growth and activity
81
The structure of the colon wall
Simple columnar epithelium,intestinal crypts,goblet cells,longitudinal and circular muscles
82
What is the pH of the blood and the diseases in its change
7. 42 7. 5-alkylosis 7. 3 acidoses(ketodoses)
83
Gastric ulcers
The mucus is washed away and the gastric juice distracts the stomach wall or the early duodenum Caused by Helicobacter pylori. Treated with short term antibiotics
84
Ulcerative colitis
The damage of the smooth epithelial layer in the colom
85
What happens during the stage of development of a nutrient deficiency resulting from inadequate intake?
Declining nutrient stores Abnormal functions within the body Overt signs
86
Polyp is
The beginning of the potential cancer
87
How much water is absorbed in the small intestine vs colon
7800 ml vs 1250 ml
88
Do we only secrete saliva, bile and enzymes
No, we reabsorb them for later use
89
Dysphagia is
Swallowing difficulties when the epiglottis does not close right
90
Surgery can be done on loosen diaphragm to treat
GERD: gastro-esophageal reflux disease
91
How much time does the food spends in the mouth,stomach,small intestine and colon. How does fiber influences that?
Less than a minute in the mouth, time in stomach 1-2 hours, time in the small intestine 7-8 hours, tome in the colon 12-14 hours Dietary fiber slows down the emptying from the stomach, but speeds up time spent in the small intestine and overall time in the gut.
92
The stimulus to gastrin,secretin,CCK
Gastrin-presence of foof ( peptides, aa in the gastric lumen) Secretin-in responce to chyme in the duodenum CCK-presence of fat in the chyme in the duodenum
93
where secreted gastrin,secretin,CCK
Stomach duodenum duodenum
94
Target tissue of gastrin,secretin,CCK
G-parietal cells in the stomach that secrete HCl S-pancreas cells C-smooth muscles of the gall bladder
95
What happens after gastrin,secretin and CCK influences
G- HCl secreted,peristalsis increases S-secretion of bicarbonate into the duodenum,production of bile in the liver C-contraction of the gallbladder,secretion of pancreotic enzymes
96
The effect of gastrin,secretin and CCK
g- pH lowers from 6.5 to 1.5, peristalsis mixes the food with enzymes and juices S-pH is raised to 7.5.Pepsin stops working. Pancreotic precursors start functioning, bile synthesize C- emulsification of lipids to simplify their digestion

Nutrition 207 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions