Trace Minerals (Exam 3) Flashcards
Trace minerals are required in (high/low) concentrations.
low
Careless supplementation and formulation errors make _________ and _______ interactions of trace minerals easy to do.
antagonistic
synergistic
Units of trace mineral concentration
mg/kg (ppm)
What are vitamins?
small amounts of organic substances in natural foodstuffs
What 2 units are used for vitamins in diets?
mg/kg
ug/kg
Vitamins are essential for normal ________.
metabolism
List the fat-soluble vitamins
A D E K
For fat-soluble vitamins, a minimum amount of dietary fat is required for __________.
absorption
Impaired absorption of fat may cause what?
fat-soluble vitamin deficiency
What 3 things can cause impaired fat absorption (and therefore, fat-soluble vitamin deficiency)?
- IBD
- exocrine pancreas insufficiency
- continuous feeding of mineral oil
(T/F) The role of each fat-soluble vitamin is generally the same.
False - each are distinct
Because the role of each fat-soluble vitamin is different, each vitamin’s deficiency has _________
unique signs
2 organic compound classes of vitamin A
- carotenoids
- retinoids
Term for alcohol form of vitamin A
retinol
Retinoids are structurally similar to ______ and have vitamin ___ actiivty.
retinol
A
List the order of 3 compounds which have vitamin A activity from the greatest to least activity.
- retinol
- retinal
- retinoic acid
What are carotenoids pigments of?
plants and some algae, fungi, bacteria
About ___ of over ____ carotenoids have vitamin A activity.
50
600
Example of carotenoid that has vitamin A activity
B-carotene
Some carotenoids have _______ activity separate from vitamin A activity.
antioxidant
For herbivores and omnivores, _______ is a source of vitamin A unless it is sun-bleached or oxidized during storage.
green plant material
_______ are poor carotenoid sources except what?
grains
yellow corn
Carnivores and omnivores get vitamin A from _______, which has the highest concentration of all tissues.
liver
Fish oils, especially ______ are good vitamin A sources for carnivores and omnivores.
cod liver oil
(Cats/dogs) but NOT (cats/dogs) can use carotenoids to meet their vitamin A needs.
dogs
cats
What are the 3 functions of vitamin A?
- vision
- growth/development
- immune function
How does vitamin A function in vision?
transduce energy from photons of light –> electrochemical signals
Vitamin A is important for growth and development because _____ is bound to cellular proteins that regulate _______.
retinol
transcription
In terms of vitamin A’s immune function, retinol is needed for ______ survival and proliferation.
lymphocyte
Vitamin A deficiency can result from:
1. Animals on dry forage that has lost _______ from oxidation + UV light exposure.
2. Caged birds given only ______.
carotenoid
grains
4 signs of vitamin A deficiency
- night blindness
- epithelial cell atrophy
- epithelial secretory cell metaplasia
- stunted bone growth
Which sign of vitamin A deficiency causes body structures to become keratinized stratified epithelium?
epithelial secretory cell metaplasia
What 4 structures/systems are affected in epithelial secretory cell metaplasia?
- respiratory tract
- GI tract
- urogenital tract
- periocular glands
Term for conjunctiva and cornea drying, keratinization, and loss of vision that occurs with epithelial secretory cell metaplasia (of vitamin A deficiency).
xerophthalmia
Vitamin A deficiency can cause disrupted bone growth and development in ______ animals.
young
What specific problem can occur with disrupted bone growth/development from vitamin A deficiency that causes brain distortion, CSF pressure, nerve, damage, and hydrocephalus?
cranial cavity malformation
Because there are (more/less) water-soluble vitamin reserves than fat-soluble vitamins, deficiencies occur more (slowly/rapidly).
less
rapidly
When given in excess, do water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins have lower toxicity?
water-soluble
__ vitamin have similar signs during deficiency unlike ____ vitamins.
B
fat-soluble
(T/F) B-vitamin deficiencies occur mostly as multiple deficiencies rather than a single one.
True
Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamin deficiencies involve __________.
multiple body systems
What animal DOES NOT require water-soluble vitamins in their diet?
ruminants w/ functional rumen
(T/F) Calves and lambs do not require water-soluble vitamins in their diet.
False - DO require (no functional rumen yet)
While ruminants do not require water-soluble vitamins, they do have a ______ for them and can benefit from supplementation of vitamin ___.
metabolic need
B
Which vitamins are water-soluble?
B, C
Vitamin B1 is also known as _______.
thiamin
Vitamin B1 has sources in both ______ and ______.
plants
animals
List some animal sources of vitamin B1 (2)
meat (pork + organs)
egg yolk
List some plant sources of vitamin B1 (4)
green parts of plants
whole cereal grains (germ + bran)
legumes & nuts
brewer’s yeast
A (large/small) pool of thiamin is stored in the body.
small
Thiamin is stored in the body as _______ forms.
phosphorylated (mono, di, triphosphates)
Vitamin B1 has both _______ and _______ functions.
metabolic
neurologic
What 3 ways does vitamin B1 have neurologic function?
- energy production
- lipid & neurotransmitter synthesis
- nerve conduction
Cooking can destroy _____ and therefore cause deficiency, especially in moist (acidic/alkaline) environments with gelling agents or flavor enhancement.
vitamin B1
aklaline
Ingested _______ can cause deficiency of vitamin B1.
thiaminase (enzyme that destroys thiamins)
What 3 substances have thiaminase and therefore can cause vitamin B1 deficiency?
- raw fish
- bracken fern
- horsetail
Coccidiostat and amprolium are agents that inhibit _______, and therefore can cause vitamin B1 deficiency.
phosphorylation (of thiamin)
What 3 signs are seen with vitamin B1 deficiency in dogs and cats?
- neurological changes
- eating less
- weight loss
What 2 signs are seen with vitamin B1 deficiency in horses?
- neurological changes
- bradycardia (slow HR)
Neurological changes like blindness, head-pressing, star-gazing, and frothy salivation are signs of vitamin B1 deficiency in what species?
cattle + sheep
Vitamin C is also known an what?
ascorbic acid
(Animals/plants) are a poor source of vitamin C while some (animals/plants) are a good source.
animals
plants
What plant is a poor source of vitamin C? Which are good sources?
grains
fruit + veggies
3 fruits that are sources of vitamin C
citrus
berries
cantalope
4 vegetables that are sources of vitamin C
peppers
tomatoes
broccoli
cauliflower
Which vitamin is the least stable? Why?
vitamin C
high temp/humidity destroys it
Because vitamin C is the least stable of all vitamins, this limits the diet storage ______ and ______.
duration
condition
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is can be reversibly reduced to _______ but it is ______.
dehydroascorbic acid
inefficient
Dehydroascorbic acid is partially catabolized to _________ which is a substrate of what?
oxalic acid
uroliths (kidney/bladder stones)
Vitamin C is a potent reducing agent. What does this mean?
electron donor for enzymes
Vitamin C functions in synthesis of ______ and ______.
collagen
carnitine
Vitamin C functions in collagen formation through hydroxylation of ______ and ______.
lysine
proline
It is thought that vitamin C has ________ function, such as antioxidant protection and regeneration of vitamin __.
extracellular
E
Many species synthesize vitamin C in the _______ and ______.
liver
kidney
(T/F) Dogs and cats require vitamin C in their diet.
False - do not require!
What are some species that require vitamin C in their diet?
primates
guinea pigs
snakes
fish
bats
birds
Too long of time in storage or inappropriate heat or humidity can cause _______ deficiency.
vitamin C
In vitamin C deficiency, there are immature and weak _______ due to lacking cross-links.
collagen
What 3 main signs are seen with vitamin C deficiency?
- subcutaneous hemorrhage (capillary fragility)
- joint pain
- anorexia
