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Nutrition > Trace Minerals (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Trace Minerals (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Trace minerals are required in (high/low) concentrations.

A

low

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2
Q

Careless supplementation and formulation errors make _________ and _______ interactions of trace minerals easy to do.

A

antagonistic
synergistic

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3
Q

Units of trace mineral concentration

A

mg/kg (ppm)

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4
Q

What are vitamins?

A

small amounts of organic substances in natural foodstuffs

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5
Q

What 2 units are used for vitamins in diets?

A

mg/kg
ug/kg

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6
Q

Vitamins are essential for normal ________.

A

metabolism

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7
Q

List the fat-soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

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8
Q

For fat-soluble vitamins, a minimum amount of dietary fat is required for __________.

A

absorption

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9
Q

Impaired absorption of fat may cause what?

A

fat-soluble vitamin deficiency

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10
Q

What 3 things can cause impaired fat absorption (and therefore, fat-soluble vitamin deficiency)?

A
  1. IBD
  2. exocrine pancreas insufficiency
  3. continuous feeding of mineral oil
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11
Q

(T/F) The role of each fat-soluble vitamin is generally the same.

A

False - each are distinct

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12
Q

Because the role of each fat-soluble vitamin is different, each vitamin’s deficiency has _________

A

unique signs

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13
Q

2 organic compound classes of vitamin A

A
  1. carotenoids
  2. retinoids
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14
Q

Term for alcohol form of vitamin A

A

retinol

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15
Q

Retinoids are structurally similar to ______ and have vitamin ___ actiivty.

A

retinol
A

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16
Q

List the order of 3 compounds which have vitamin A activity from the greatest to least activity.

A
  1. retinol
  2. retinal
  3. retinoic acid
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17
Q

What are carotenoids pigments of?

A

plants and some algae, fungi, bacteria

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18
Q

About ___ of over ____ carotenoids have vitamin A activity.

A

50
600

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19
Q

Example of carotenoid that has vitamin A activity

A

B-carotene

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20
Q

Some carotenoids have _______ activity separate from vitamin A activity.

A

antioxidant

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21
Q

For herbivores and omnivores, _______ is a source of vitamin A unless it is sun-bleached or oxidized during storage.

A

green plant material

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22
Q

_______ are poor carotenoid sources except what?

A

grains
yellow corn

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23
Q

Carnivores and omnivores get vitamin A from _______, which has the highest concentration of all tissues.

A

liver

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24
Q

Fish oils, especially ______ are good vitamin A sources for carnivores and omnivores.

A

cod liver oil

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25
Q

(Cats/dogs) but NOT (cats/dogs) can use carotenoids to meet their vitamin A needs.

A

dogs
cats

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26
Q

What are the 3 functions of vitamin A?

A
  1. vision
  2. growth/development
  3. immune function
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27
Q

How does vitamin A function in vision?

A

transduce energy from photons of light –> electrochemical signals

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28
Q

Vitamin A is important for growth and development because _____ is bound to cellular proteins that regulate _______.

A

retinol
transcription

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29
Q

In terms of vitamin A’s immune function, retinol is needed for ______ survival and proliferation.

A

lymphocyte

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30
Q

Vitamin A deficiency can result from:
1. Animals on dry forage that has lost _______ from oxidation + UV light exposure.
2. Caged birds given only ______.

A

carotenoid
grains

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31
Q

4 signs of vitamin A deficiency

A
  1. night blindness
  2. epithelial cell atrophy
  3. epithelial secretory cell metaplasia
  4. stunted bone growth
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32
Q

Which sign of vitamin A deficiency causes body structures to become keratinized stratified epithelium?

A

epithelial secretory cell metaplasia

33
Q

What 4 structures/systems are affected in epithelial secretory cell metaplasia?

A
  1. respiratory tract
  2. GI tract
  3. urogenital tract
  4. periocular glands
34
Q

Term for conjunctiva and cornea drying, keratinization, and loss of vision that occurs with epithelial secretory cell metaplasia (of vitamin A deficiency).

A

xerophthalmia

35
Q

Vitamin A deficiency can cause disrupted bone growth and development in ______ animals.

A

young

36
Q

What specific problem can occur with disrupted bone growth/development from vitamin A deficiency that causes brain distortion, CSF pressure, nerve, damage, and hydrocephalus?

A

cranial cavity malformation

37
Q

Because there are (more/less) water-soluble vitamin reserves than fat-soluble vitamins, deficiencies occur more (slowly/rapidly).

A

less
rapidly

38
Q

When given in excess, do water-soluble or fat-soluble vitamins have lower toxicity?

A

water-soluble

39
Q

__ vitamin have similar signs during deficiency unlike ____ vitamins.

A

B
fat-soluble

40
Q

(T/F) B-vitamin deficiencies occur mostly as multiple deficiencies rather than a single one.

A

True

41
Q

Unlike fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamin deficiencies involve __________.

A

multiple body systems

42
Q

What animal DOES NOT require water-soluble vitamins in their diet?

A

ruminants w/ functional rumen

43
Q

(T/F) Calves and lambs do not require water-soluble vitamins in their diet.

A

False - DO require (no functional rumen yet)

44
Q

While ruminants do not require water-soluble vitamins, they do have a ______ for them and can benefit from supplementation of vitamin ___.

A

metabolic need
B

45
Q

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

A

B, C

46
Q

Vitamin B1 is also known as _______.

A

thiamin

47
Q

Vitamin B1 has sources in both ______ and ______.

A

plants
animals

48
Q

List some animal sources of vitamin B1 (2)

A

meat (pork + organs)
egg yolk

49
Q

List some plant sources of vitamin B1 (4)

A

green parts of plants
whole cereal grains (germ + bran)
legumes & nuts
brewer’s yeast

50
Q

A (large/small) pool of thiamin is stored in the body.

A

small

51
Q

Thiamin is stored in the body as _______ forms.

A

phosphorylated (mono, di, triphosphates)

52
Q

Vitamin B1 has both _______ and _______ functions.

A

metabolic
neurologic

53
Q

What 3 ways does vitamin B1 have neurologic function?

A
  1. energy production
  2. lipid & neurotransmitter synthesis
  3. nerve conduction
54
Q

Cooking can destroy _____ and therefore cause deficiency, especially in moist (acidic/alkaline) environments with gelling agents or flavor enhancement.

A

vitamin B1
aklaline

55
Q

Ingested _______ can cause deficiency of vitamin B1.

A

thiaminase (enzyme that destroys thiamins)

56
Q

What 3 substances have thiaminase and therefore can cause vitamin B1 deficiency?

A
  1. raw fish
  2. bracken fern
  3. horsetail
57
Q

Coccidiostat and amprolium are agents that inhibit _______, and therefore can cause vitamin B1 deficiency.

A

phosphorylation (of thiamin)

58
Q

What 3 signs are seen with vitamin B1 deficiency in dogs and cats?

A
  1. neurological changes
  2. eating less
  3. weight loss
59
Q

What 2 signs are seen with vitamin B1 deficiency in horses?

A
  1. neurological changes
  2. bradycardia (slow HR)
60
Q

Neurological changes like blindness, head-pressing, star-gazing, and frothy salivation are signs of vitamin B1 deficiency in what species?

A

cattle + sheep

61
Q

Vitamin C is also known an what?

A

ascorbic acid

62
Q

(Animals/plants) are a poor source of vitamin C while some (animals/plants) are a good source.

A

animals
plants

63
Q

What plant is a poor source of vitamin C? Which are good sources?

A

grains
fruit + veggies

64
Q

3 fruits that are sources of vitamin C

A

citrus
berries
cantalope

65
Q

4 vegetables that are sources of vitamin C

A

peppers
tomatoes
broccoli
cauliflower

66
Q

Which vitamin is the least stable? Why?

A

vitamin C
high temp/humidity destroys it

67
Q

Because vitamin C is the least stable of all vitamins, this limits the diet storage ______ and ______.

A

duration
condition

68
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is can be reversibly reduced to _______ but it is ______.

A

dehydroascorbic acid
inefficient

69
Q

Dehydroascorbic acid is partially catabolized to _________ which is a substrate of what?

A

oxalic acid
uroliths (kidney/bladder stones)

70
Q

Vitamin C is a potent reducing agent. What does this mean?

A

electron donor for enzymes

71
Q

Vitamin C functions in synthesis of ______ and ______.

A

collagen
carnitine

72
Q

Vitamin C functions in collagen formation through hydroxylation of ______ and ______.

A

lysine
proline

73
Q

It is thought that vitamin C has ________ function, such as antioxidant protection and regeneration of vitamin __.

A

extracellular
E

74
Q

Many species synthesize vitamin C in the _______ and ______.

A

liver
kidney

75
Q

(T/F) Dogs and cats require vitamin C in their diet.

A

False - do not require!

76
Q

What are some species that require vitamin C in their diet?

A

primates
guinea pigs
snakes
fish
bats
birds

77
Q

Too long of time in storage or inappropriate heat or humidity can cause _______ deficiency.

A

vitamin C

78
Q

In vitamin C deficiency, there are immature and weak _______ due to lacking cross-links.

A

collagen

79
Q

What 3 main signs are seen with vitamin C deficiency?

A
  1. subcutaneous hemorrhage (capillary fragility)
  2. joint pain
  3. anorexia

Nutrition (8 decks)

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