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Nutrition > Neonatal Nutrition (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Neonatal Nutrition (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only source of nutrition in early post-partum?

A

milk

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2
Q

Weaning occurs (before/after/during) peak production of milk by the dam.

A

well after!

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3
Q

What is weaning?

A

withholding of milk

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4
Q

Weaning can be done _______ or imposed by the dam.

A

artificially

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5
Q

What should the neonate be doing efficiently during weaning?

A

getting nutrients from solid food

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6
Q

For some nutrients, intake of solid food may be (more/less) than from intake of milk.

A

more (excess)

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7
Q

What are 4 components of milk that vary by species of origin?

A
  1. protein
  2. amino acids
  3. carbohydrates
  4. fats
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8
Q

Species that are fast growing and have a short suckling time have high _______ milk.

A

protein

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9
Q

3 amino acid concentrations that are higher in cat milk than cow milk.

A
  1. arginine
  2. methionine
  3. cysteine
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10
Q

Term for “first milk” produced by dam

A

colostrum

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11
Q

How many days is colostrum secreted?

A

a few days postpartum

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12
Q

Milk produced after colostrum is sometimes called what?

A

mature milk

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13
Q

Colostrum has substantially different _____ and _____ content than mature milk.

A

dry matter
protein

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14
Q

Colostrum has a much greater _______ content than mature milk.

A

immunoglobulin (antibodies)

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15
Q

(T/F) Some immunoglobulins are always present in mature milk.

A

True

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16
Q

Colostrum’s most abundant immunoglobin is _____ instead of ____ in mature milk.

A

IgG
IgA

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17
Q

Colostrum has immunoglobulins that are specifically reactive against what?

A

microorganisms the dam has been exposed to

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18
Q

(T/F) Colostrum immunoglobulins need to be broken down in order to enter the neonate intestinal mucosa.

A

False - can be absorbed intact

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19
Q

Intact immunoglobulin absorption only occurs during what length of time? What happens to them after?

A

first 24-48 hours
digested as proteins

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20
Q

Placental transfer of immunoglobulins is poor in which species?

A

calves, lambs, horses

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21
Q

In dairy calves, milk from the dam is routinely unavailable because:

A

they are retained as replacement heifers

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22
Q

What are the 2 reasons that colostrum may not be available to the foal?

A
  1. insufficient suckling
  2. mare lactated pre-maturely
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23
Q

Stored colostrum is collected and frozen for how long?

A

less than 1 year

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24
Q

______ colostrum should come from dams exposed to the same environement as the offspring.

A

banked

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25
Q

(T/F) Feeding banked colostrum is an optimal outcome for most species.

A

False - less than optimal across species

26
Q

Milk substitutes or replacers are commonly used in ______ neonates.

A

rearing

27
Q

What is unique about milk replacers in the dairy industry?

A

used routinely since calves are not left to suckle dams

28
Q

__________ are given milk replacers as a matter of practice.

A

replacement heifers

29
Q

(T/F) Milk replacers are formulated to meet nutrient requirements of the neonate.

A

False

30
Q

Milk replacers are formulated to approximate the ______ and ______ composition of milk for its intended species.

A

chemical
nutrient

31
Q

Proteins that are best used in milk replacers are of _____ origin.

A

milk

32
Q

2 examples of proteins used as milk replacers

A
  1. casein
  2. whey proteins
33
Q

What variably decreases quality of milk protein?

A

heat processing

34
Q

What kind of proteins are less costly than milk proteins but used less because they are not well utilized?

A

vegetable proteins

35
Q

List the 4 carbohydrates that are best tolerated as milk replacers

A
  1. milk sugars
  2. lactose
  3. glucose
  4. galactose
36
Q

Carbohydrates that are non-milk sugars such as ______ and _____ are poorly utilized as milk replacers.

A

sucrose
plant starches

37
Q

_____ from animal or plant origin, are successfully used in milk replacers.

A

fats

38
Q

While fats are successful as milk replacers, ________ are not well digested.

A

large fat globules

39
Q

Which species has milk that is readily available and often used in milk replacers?

A

cow

40
Q

Puppy and kitten milk is higher in ______ than cow’s milk.

A

protein

41
Q

Mare’s milk is lower in ______ but higher in ______ than cow’s milk.

A

fat
lactose

42
Q

Lamb milk should be higher in _______ than cows.

A

fat

43
Q

Are commercially-prepared milks or homemade formulations better quality?

A

commercially-prepared

44
Q

Milk supplies the only ______ that a neonate with receive.

A

moisture

45
Q

Overfeeding of neonates will lead to what?

A

GI upset

46
Q

What’s the most common sign of GI upset in neonates?

A

diarrhea

47
Q

Overfeeding by just ____% is suggested to cause diarrhea in puppies.

A

25%

48
Q

What should you do if overfeeding is suspected?

A

dilute with water so water intake is maintained

49
Q

What temperature should milk be before feeding?

A

warmed near body temp

50
Q

Neonates (do/do not) thermoregulate well.

A

do not (cold neonates don’t eat well)

51
Q

2 advantages to minimizing the period that a neonate is milk fed

A
  1. reduce cost in materials + labor
  2. encourage solid food intake
52
Q

How are foals trained for solid food intake?

A

drink milk from bucket, then solid feed later on

53
Q

How are kittens and puppies trained for solid food intake?

A

shallow bowl to lap milk, then canned food

54
Q

Lambs and calves are trained for solid food intake by continual presentation of _________.

A

hay and high-grain pellets

55
Q

What must develop before solid forage is utilized well by lambs and calves?

A

rumen

56
Q

What two reasons may bucket feeding to calves be less beneficial than nipple feeding?

A
  1. suckling allows for closing of esophageal groove
  2. more likely spillage into rumen and GI upset
57
Q

When should suckling begin in kittens and puppies?

A

soon after dam removes placental remnants

58
Q

What can be useful for kittens and puppies that aren’t suckling?

A

tube feeding

59
Q

What 3 conditions should milk feeding frequency increase and volume per feeding decrease?

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. weakness or early post-partum
  3. increase growth rate for earlier weaning
60
Q

Why should milk intake should be reduced gradually during weaning?

A

to encourage water and dry diet consumption

61
Q

(T/F) Water should be presented as often as desired during weaning.

A

True

62
Q

_______, but not ________ should be targeted when evaluating time of weaning.

A

weight
age

Nutrition (8 decks)

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