Neonatal Nutrition (Exam 3)

Question 1

What is the only source of nutrition in early post-partum?

Answer 1

milk

Question 2

Weaning occurs (before/after/during) peak production of milk by the dam.

Answer 2

well after!

Question 3

What is weaning?

Answer 3

withholding of milk

Question 4

Weaning can be done _______ or imposed by the dam.

Answer 4

artificially

Question 5

What should the neonate be doing efficiently during weaning?

Answer 5

getting nutrients from solid food

Question 6

For some nutrients, intake of solid food may be (more/less) than from intake of milk.

Answer 6

more (excess)

Question 7

What are 4 components of milk that vary by species of origin?

Answer 7

1. protein
2. amino acids
3. carbohydrates
4. fats

Question 8

Species that are fast growing and have a short suckling time have high _______ milk.

Answer 8

protein

Question 9

3 amino acid concentrations that are higher in cat milk than cow milk.

Answer 9

1. arginine
2. methionine
3. cysteine

Question 10

Term for “first milk” produced by dam

Answer 10

colostrum

Question 11

How many days is colostrum secreted?

Answer 11

a few days postpartum

Question 12

Milk produced after colostrum is sometimes called what?

Answer 12

mature milk

Question 13

Colostrum has substantially different _____ and _____ content than mature milk.

Answer 13

dry matter
protein

Question 14

Colostrum has a much greater _______ content than mature milk.

Answer 14

immunoglobulin (antibodies)

Question 15

(T/F) Some immunoglobulins are always present in mature milk.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Colostrum’s most abundant immunoglobin is _____ instead of ____ in mature milk.

Answer 16

IgG
IgA

Question 17

Colostrum has immunoglobulins that are specifically reactive against what?

Answer 17

microorganisms the dam has been exposed to

Question 18

(T/F) Colostrum immunoglobulins need to be broken down in order to enter the neonate intestinal mucosa.

Answer 18

False - can be absorbed intact

Question 19

Intact immunoglobulin absorption only occurs during what length of time? What happens to them after?

Answer 19

first 24-48 hours
digested as proteins

Question 20

Placental transfer of immunoglobulins is poor in which species?

Answer 20

calves, lambs, horses

Question 21

In dairy calves, milk from the dam is routinely unavailable because:

Answer 21

they are retained as replacement heifers

Question 22

What are the 2 reasons that colostrum may not be available to the foal?

Answer 22

1. insufficient suckling
2. mare lactated pre-maturely

Question 23

Stored colostrum is collected and frozen for how long?

Answer 23

less than 1 year

Question 24

______ colostrum should come from dams exposed to the same environement as the offspring.

Answer 24

banked

Question 25

(T/F) Feeding banked colostrum is an optimal outcome for most species.

Answer 25

False - less than optimal across species

Question 26

Milk substitutes or replacers are commonly used in ______ neonates.

Answer 26

rearing

Question 27

What is unique about milk replacers in the dairy industry?

Answer 27

used routinely since calves are not left to suckle dams

Question 28

__________ are given milk replacers as a matter of practice.

Answer 28

replacement heifers

Question 29

(T/F) Milk replacers are formulated to meet nutrient requirements of the neonate.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

Milk replacers are formulated to approximate the ______ and ______ composition of milk for its intended species.

Answer 30

chemical nutrient

Question 31

Proteins that are best used in milk replacers are of _____ origin.

Answer 31

milk

Question 32

2 examples of proteins used as milk replacers

Answer 32

1. casein 2. whey proteins

Question 33

What variably decreases quality of milk protein?

Answer 33

heat processing

Question 34

What kind of proteins are less costly than milk proteins but used less because they are not well utilized?

Answer 34

vegetable proteins

Question 35

List the 4 carbohydrates that are best tolerated as milk replacers

Answer 35

1. milk sugars 2. lactose 3. glucose 4. galactose

Question 36

Carbohydrates that are non-milk sugars such as ______ and _____ are poorly utilized as milk replacers.

Answer 36

sucrose plant starches

Question 37

_____ from animal or plant origin, are successfully used in milk replacers.

Answer 37

fats

Question 38

While fats are successful as milk replacers, ________ are not well digested.

Answer 38

large fat globules

Question 39

Which species has milk that is readily available and often used in milk replacers?

Answer 39

cow

Question 40

Puppy and kitten milk is higher in ______ than cow's milk.

Answer 40

protein

Question 41

Mare's milk is lower in ______ but higher in ______ than cow's milk.

Answer 41

fat lactose

Question 42

Lamb milk should be higher in _______ than cows.

Answer 42

fat

Question 43

Are commercially-prepared milks or homemade formulations better quality?

Answer 43

commercially-prepared

Question 44

Milk supplies the only ______ that a neonate with receive.

Answer 44

moisture

Question 45

Overfeeding of neonates will lead to what?

Answer 45

GI upset

Question 46

What's the most common sign of GI upset in neonates?

Answer 46

diarrhea

Question 47

Overfeeding by just ____% is suggested to cause diarrhea in puppies.

Answer 47

25%

Question 48

What should you do if overfeeding is suspected?

Answer 48

dilute with water so water intake is maintained

Question 49

What temperature should milk be before feeding?

Answer 49

warmed near body temp

Question 50

Neonates (do/do not) thermoregulate well.

Answer 50

do not (cold neonates don't eat well)

Question 51

2 advantages to minimizing the period that a neonate is milk fed

Answer 51

1. reduce cost in materials + labor 2. encourage solid food intake

Question 52

How are foals trained for solid food intake?

Answer 52

drink milk from bucket, then solid feed later on

Question 53

How are kittens and puppies trained for solid food intake?

Answer 53

shallow bowl to lap milk, then canned food

Question 54

Lambs and calves are trained for solid food intake by continual presentation of _________.

Answer 54

hay and high-grain pellets

Question 55

What must develop before solid forage is utilized well by lambs and calves?

Answer 55

rumen

Question 56

What two reasons may bucket feeding to calves be less beneficial than nipple feeding?

Answer 56

1. suckling allows for closing of esophageal groove 2. more likely spillage into rumen and GI upset

Question 57

When should suckling begin in kittens and puppies?

Answer 57

soon after dam removes placental remnants

Question 58

What can be useful for kittens and puppies that aren't suckling?

Answer 58

tube feeding

Question 59

What 3 conditions should milk feeding frequency increase and volume per feeding decrease?

Answer 59

1. diarrhea 2. weakness or early post-partum 3. increase growth rate for earlier weaning

Question 60

Why should milk intake should be reduced gradually during weaning?

Answer 60

to encourage water and dry diet consumption

Question 61

(T/F) Water should be presented as often as desired during weaning.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

_______, but not ________ should be targeted when evaluating time of weaning.

Answer 62

weight age