Neonatal Nutrition (Exam 3) Flashcards
What is the only source of nutrition in early post-partum?
milk
Weaning occurs (before/after/during) peak production of milk by the dam.
well after!
What is weaning?
withholding of milk
Weaning can be done _______ or imposed by the dam.
artificially
What should the neonate be doing efficiently during weaning?
getting nutrients from solid food
For some nutrients, intake of solid food may be (more/less) than from intake of milk.
more (excess)
What are 4 components of milk that vary by species of origin?
- protein
- amino acids
- carbohydrates
- fats
Species that are fast growing and have a short suckling time have high _______ milk.
protein
3 amino acid concentrations that are higher in cat milk than cow milk.
- arginine
- methionine
- cysteine
Term for “first milk” produced by dam
colostrum
How many days is colostrum secreted?
a few days postpartum
Milk produced after colostrum is sometimes called what?
mature milk
Colostrum has substantially different _____ and _____ content than mature milk.
dry matter
protein
Colostrum has a much greater _______ content than mature milk.
immunoglobulin (antibodies)
(T/F) Some immunoglobulins are always present in mature milk.
True
Colostrum’s most abundant immunoglobin is _____ instead of ____ in mature milk.
IgG
IgA
Colostrum has immunoglobulins that are specifically reactive against what?
microorganisms the dam has been exposed to
(T/F) Colostrum immunoglobulins need to be broken down in order to enter the neonate intestinal mucosa.
False - can be absorbed intact
Intact immunoglobulin absorption only occurs during what length of time? What happens to them after?
first 24-48 hours
digested as proteins
Placental transfer of immunoglobulins is poor in which species?
calves, lambs, horses
In dairy calves, milk from the dam is routinely unavailable because:
they are retained as replacement heifers
What are the 2 reasons that colostrum may not be available to the foal?
- insufficient suckling
- mare lactated pre-maturely
Stored colostrum is collected and frozen for how long?
less than 1 year
______ colostrum should come from dams exposed to the same environement as the offspring.
banked
(T/F) Feeding banked colostrum is an optimal outcome for most species.
False - less than optimal across species
Milk substitutes or replacers are commonly used in ______ neonates.
rearing
What is unique about milk replacers in the dairy industry?
used routinely since calves are not left to suckle dams
__________ are given milk replacers as a matter of practice.
replacement heifers
(T/F) Milk replacers are formulated to meet nutrient requirements of the neonate.
False
Milk replacers are formulated to approximate the ______ and ______ composition of milk for its intended species.
chemical
nutrient
Proteins that are best used in milk replacers are of _____ origin.
milk
2 examples of proteins used as milk replacers
- casein
- whey proteins
What variably decreases quality of milk protein?
heat processing
What kind of proteins are less costly than milk proteins but used less because they are not well utilized?
vegetable proteins
List the 4 carbohydrates that are best tolerated as milk replacers
- milk sugars
- lactose
- glucose
- galactose
Carbohydrates that are non-milk sugars such as ______ and _____ are poorly utilized as milk replacers.
sucrose
plant starches
_____ from animal or plant origin, are successfully used in milk replacers.
fats
While fats are successful as milk replacers, ________ are not well digested.
large fat globules
Which species has milk that is readily available and often used in milk replacers?
cow
Puppy and kitten milk is higher in ______ than cow’s milk.
protein
Mare’s milk is lower in ______ but higher in ______ than cow’s milk.
fat
lactose
Lamb milk should be higher in _______ than cows.
fat
Are commercially-prepared milks or homemade formulations better quality?
commercially-prepared
Milk supplies the only ______ that a neonate with receive.
moisture
Overfeeding of neonates will lead to what?
GI upset
What’s the most common sign of GI upset in neonates?
diarrhea
Overfeeding by just ____% is suggested to cause diarrhea in puppies.
25%
What should you do if overfeeding is suspected?
dilute with water so water intake is maintained
What temperature should milk be before feeding?
warmed near body temp
Neonates (do/do not) thermoregulate well.
do not (cold neonates don’t eat well)
2 advantages to minimizing the period that a neonate is milk fed
- reduce cost in materials + labor
- encourage solid food intake
How are foals trained for solid food intake?
drink milk from bucket, then solid feed later on
How are kittens and puppies trained for solid food intake?
shallow bowl to lap milk, then canned food
Lambs and calves are trained for solid food intake by continual presentation of _________.
hay and high-grain pellets
What must develop before solid forage is utilized well by lambs and calves?
rumen
What two reasons may bucket feeding to calves be less beneficial than nipple feeding?
- suckling allows for closing of esophageal groove
- more likely spillage into rumen and GI upset
When should suckling begin in kittens and puppies?
soon after dam removes placental remnants
What can be useful for kittens and puppies that aren’t suckling?
tube feeding
What 3 conditions should milk feeding frequency increase and volume per feeding decrease?
- diarrhea
- weakness or early post-partum
- increase growth rate for earlier weaning
Why should milk intake should be reduced gradually during weaning?
to encourage water and dry diet consumption
(T/F) Water should be presented as often as desired during weaning.
True
_______, but not ________ should be targeted when evaluating time of weaning.
weight
age
