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Nutrition > Ruminant Nutrition (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Ruminant Nutrition (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

45-60% of total cost of producing milk or beef is represented by _____ costs.

A

feed

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2
Q

Optimal nutrition leads to what 2 things in ruminants?

A
  1. better product quality
  2. healthier animal
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3
Q

What can nutrition predict about animals?

A

performance

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4
Q

What are the products of microbial fermentation?

A

volatile fatty acids

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5
Q

What percent of ruminant energy are made up of VFAs?

A

80%

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6
Q

3 main types of VFAs

A
  1. acetic acid
  2. propionic acid
  3. butyric acid
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7
Q

Give the percentage of the total volatile fatty acids that each type makes up:

  1. Acetic Acid
  2. Propionic Acid
  3. Butyric Acid
A
  1. 55-90%
  2. 10-45%
  3. 12-18%
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8
Q

Acetic Acid is used to build _____ in ruminants.

A

fat

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9
Q

Propionic Acid is used to build ______ in ruminants.

A

glucose

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10
Q

Butyric Acid is important for _______ and for _____ development in the rumen.

A

ketones
papillae

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11
Q

What are 3 management practices that affect ruminant nutrition?

A
  1. lying space
  2. bunk space
  3. available feed
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12
Q

Why is bunk space important in ruminants?

A

leads to less competition between young & old cows

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13
Q

Crude protein is found in ruminant diets and composed of ______ and _____.

A

protein + non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

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14
Q

Fat in a ruminants diet can be fed as ______ such as in grains and oil seed, or in _______ which are in forages.

A

triglycerides
glycolipids/phospholipids

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15
Q

Are proteins fully degraded by the rumen? Fats?

A

a fraction of protein intake is degraded, a fraction is not

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16
Q

In ruminant diets, fats that are (degradable/undegradable) by the rumen are preferable.

A

undegradable

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17
Q

What 3 problems can occur with an excess of degradable fats in the rumen?

A
  1. decreased fiber digestion
  2. decreased milk fat
  3. decreased income
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18
Q

Testing ____ levels can gauge the amount of protein in cattle and indicate if there is an issue with excess protein.

A

MUN (milk urea nitrogen)

19
Q

4 compartments of the ruminant stomach

A
  1. reticulum
  2. rumen
  3. omasum
  4. abomasum
20
Q

Function of the Reticulum

A

*rumination

prevent larger particles from continuing in GI tract

21
Q

What occurs in the process of rumination by the reticulum?

A

anti-peristaltic contractions lead to regurgitation (“cud-chewing”)

22
Q

Function of the Rumen

A

microbial digestion
use papillae for absorption

23
Q

Function of the Omasum

A

acts as pump (transfers digesta from reticulum –> abomasum)

absorption

24
Q

Function of the Abomasum

A

“true stomach”
enzyme secretion

25
Q

What 3 things does the Omasum absorb?

A

water
VFAs
bicarbonate

26
Q

3 purposes of rumination process

A
  1. rapidly ingest feed (can chew later)
  2. reduce particle size (microbes can use!)
  3. increase saliva production (8-10 hours per day)
27
Q

In the rumen, what is the ideal pH? Temperature?

A

pH: 5.8 - 6.4
Temp: 100-108 F

28
Q

What 3 microbe types are found in the rumen?

A
  1. bacteria
  2. protozoa
  3. fungi
29
Q

What is the function of resident bacteria in the rumen?

A

digests fiber + starch

30
Q

For bacteria in the rumen, the fiber digesters respond (slowly/quickly) to change while the starch digesters respond (slowly/quickly) to change.

A

slowly
quickly

31
Q

What is the function of resident protozoa in the rumen?

A

digest bacteria for protein

32
Q

What is the function of fungi in the rumen?

A

digest fiber (increase during high fiber diets)

33
Q

Periparturient Hypocalcemia is also known as “_____” which means what?

A

milk fever
low calcium around birth

34
Q

3 symptoms of Periparturient Hypocalcemia

A

down
wobbly
staggering

35
Q

3 predispositions of Periparturient Hypocalcemia

A
  1. parity (how many times female has had offspring)
  2. breed
  3. nutrition
36
Q

What hormone regulates Periparturient Hypocalcemia? Through what endocrine organ?

A

PTH via parathyroid gland

37
Q

3 ways to prevent Periparturient Hypocalcemia

A
  1. nutrition
  2. DCAD
  3. calcium binders
38
Q

What is the most important factor in preventing Periparturient Hypocalcemia?

A

DCAD (dietary cation anion difference)

39
Q

How does DCAD prevent Periparturient Hypocalcemia?

A

adds a slightly acidotic diet which controls calcium levels

40
Q

What is the most palatable DCAD that is used in diets to prevent Periparturient Hypocalcemia?

41
Q

What are the 3 types of ketosis?

A
  1. Type I
  2. Type II (Fatty Liver)
  3. Type III (Butyric Acid)
42
Q

Match the type of Ketosis to its characteristics:

  1. insulin resistant; during first 10 day of lactation
  2. improper fermentation of silage; feeding ketones to animal
  3. not eating enough to meet energy demands; 3-6 weeks into lactation
A
  1. Type II (Fatty Liver)
  2. Type III (Butyric Acid)
  3. Type I
43
Q

Which type of ketosis needs to address the post-partum diet? Which type needs to address the pre-partum diet?

A

post-partum: Type I
pre-partum: Type II

Nutrition (8 decks)

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