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Nutrition > Feeds + Processing (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Feeds + Processing (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

In animals, feeds are classified by the National Research Council into what 8 groups?

A
  1. dry forages + roughages
  2. pasture, range plants, forages
  3. silages
  4. energy feeds
  5. protein supplements
  6. mineral supplements
  7. vitamins supplements
  8. additives
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2
Q

Dry forages/roughages are products with more than ____% of ______ and more than ____% of _____.

A

18% crude fiber
35% cell wall

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3
Q

What are 3 examples of dry forage?

A
  1. hay
  2. straw
  3. stover
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4
Q

What is made by above-ground vegetative portion of plants and subsequent curing? (type of dry forage)

A

hay

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5
Q

Type of dry forage which is the residue of grain crop after removal of grain (wheat, barley, pea vines)

A

straw

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6
Q

_____ has low nutritive value compared to hay because stripped of seed and less digestible because they are more mature.

A

straw

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7
Q

Dry forage which is the aerial part of corn or sorghum without the ears, husks, or heads

A

stover

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8
Q

(T/F) Stover and straw have low nutritive value.

A

True

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9
Q

What is roughage? Examples of roughage

A

agricultural by-products high in fiber (beet pulp, hulls of cottonseed & peanuts, corncobs, seed pods)

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10
Q

All forages not cut or cut and presented fresh are ________.

A

pasture, range plants, and forages

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11
Q

Made by cutting/chopping immature forage followed by storage in enclosed space without air

A

silages

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12
Q

Storage condition (without air) for silages causes _______ of sugars resulting in formation of _______.

A

bacterial fermentation
organic acids

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13
Q

What primary organic acid is produced by storage condition of silage?

A

lactic acid

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14
Q

Formed acids preserve silage, reducing its pH to ____.

A

4.6

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15
Q

What does a storage space for “ensiling” or making silages look like?

A

concrete or steel tower, trench covered in plastic, or above ground container (long plastic bag)

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16
Q

(T/F) High protein forages, like alfalfa, make good silages.

A

False! DO NOT make good silages

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17
Q

Why do high protein forages (like alfalfa) NOT make good silages?

A

amino acids are degraded and less desired fermentation products are formed (butyric acid)

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18
Q

Energy feeds are also called _______

A

energy concentrates

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19
Q

Energy feeds contain products with less than ___% crude _____ and less than ___% crude _____.

A

18% crude fiber
20% crude protein

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20
Q

Energy feeds have (higher/less) digestibility than forages + roughages.

A

higher

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21
Q

Examples of energy feeds

A

grains or grain by-products
mill-byproducts
fruit, nuts, roots, tubers

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22
Q

(T/F) Once energy feeds are ensiled, they are no longer considered energy feeds/concentrates.

A

False - still considered

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23
Q

Protein supplements are also called ______.

A

protein concentrates

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24
Q

Protein supplements are products that contain ___% more protein.

A

20%

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25
Q

(T/F) Protein supplements do not include ensiled products.

A

False - do include

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26
Q

Examples of protein supplements

A

oil-seed meals, corn gluten, soybean protein isolate

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27
Q

Examples of mineral supplements

A

dicalcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
zinc sulfate

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28
Q

Examples of additives

A

antibiotics
coloring material
flavors
hormones

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29
Q

Feeds are processed at a cost that is often _____.

A

substantial

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30
Q

(T/F) All nutritional objectives may be achieved with processing.

A

False

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31
Q

5 common feed processing objectives

A
  1. increased digestibility
  2. increased intake
  3. reduced wastage
  4. bulk reduction
  5. facilitate packaging
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32
Q

(T/F) Decreased digestibility is common in feed processing but sometimes digestibility is increased.

A

False - increased is common, sometimes reduced

33
Q

What 4 processes can be used for dry forage & roughage?

A
  1. milling
  2. chopping
  3. cubing
  4. pelleting
34
Q

_______ is the first stage in making silage and involves cutting action of a knife against a sheer plate.

A

Chopping

35
Q

2 Disadvantages of Chopping

A
  1. little change in digestibility
  2. increased cost
36
Q

2 Advantages of Chopping

A

reduces waste + improves storage

37
Q

Process that is optimally distributes particle size and targeted to increase forage intake and digestibility.

A

milling

38
Q

Milling may reduce digestibility in what animals?

A

ruminants

39
Q

_____ is formed in milling and may reduce palatability.

A

dust

40
Q

What additions can counter the dustiness that milling causes?

A

minor additions of fats/molasses

41
Q

What process permits longer lengths of chopped forage in the product and is extruded through a die of a rotary press?

A

cubing

42
Q

Cubing may improve the _____ of the forage.

A

digestibility

43
Q

2 Disadvantages of Cubing

A
  1. increases cost
  2. difficult to evaluate feed quality
44
Q

2 Advantages of Cubing

A
  1. little negative on digestibility/intake
  2. reduce waste
45
Q

What process is formed from milled dry forage extruded through a rotary die with round holes with high compression?

A

pelleting

46
Q

____ forms stable cubes and pellets.

A

alfalfa

47
Q

(T/F) Pellet size varies with the intended species for which it is made.

A

True

48
Q

Term for pellet fines or partially reground pellets

A

crumbles

49
Q

*3 Disadvantages of Pelleting

A
  1. small decrease in ruminant digestibility
  2. difficult to evaluate quality
  3. increases cost
50
Q

2 Advantages of Pelleting

A
  1. increases intake
  2. reduce protein solubility (ruminant advantage)
51
Q

For grains, ______ and _____ increase digestibility especially in horses, cattle, old sheep, and young lambs.

A

cracking + rolling

52
Q

For grains, cracking and rolling increases what 2 things?

A
  1. up grain digestible fraction
  2. gelatinization of starch
53
Q

Term for grain being sheared by passage between 2 rollers to produce “cracked grain”

A

dry rolling

54
Q

Term for grain being heated in steam chest before rolling and rolled flat to varying thickness

A

steam rolling

55
Q

Steam rolling has fewer _____ and _____ than dry rolling.

A

fines + dust

56
Q

In steam rolling, starch is gelatinized, which improves ______.

A

digestibility

57
Q

In steam rolling, as thinness (increases/decreases), digestion rate (increases/decreases).

A

increases
increases

58
Q

Process like used in breakfast cereal industry that is more costly than steam rolling.

A

gelatinization

59
Q

2 types of gelatinization

A

popping
micronizing

60
Q

2 types of feed quality

A

roughage quality
concentrate quality

61
Q

3 components to determine roughage quality

A
  1. weed contamination
  2. maturity
  3. cure
62
Q

Presence of weeds in roughage reduces ______ and has lower digestibility and protein content.

A

nutritive value

63
Q

Weeds may contain toxic substances such as ______ and ____ in roughage which would indicate a lower quality.

A

star thistle
common groundsel

64
Q

Short florets and long awns in weeds present in roughage can cause _______ and reduce the quality of the roughage.

A

mechanical injury (damage of mucosa to face)

65
Q

The nutritive value of roughage (increases/decreases) with maturity.

A

decreases

66
Q

Well-cured hays have a _____ odor, indicating good roughage quality.

A

pleasant

67
Q

Rain damaged hays or baled with high moisture content have ____ smell.

A

moldy

68
Q

What can occur with “moldy” or overly moist or rain-damaged hay?

A

mold toxicant ingestion
mucosal ulcers, hemorrhage, fever, D+

69
Q

The more leaves present in the cure, the (higher/lower) the nutritive value.

A

higher

70
Q

(T/F) Solar exposure (bleaching) indicates the loss of nutritive value of cure.

A

True

71
Q

What 3 things are components that can determine concentrate quality of feed?

A
  1. grain appearance
  2. cotton seed meal
  3. prepared products
72
Q

Small size or pinched appearance of grain indicates (more/less) energy density digestibility.

A

less

73
Q

3 noticeable appearances of grain that may indicate poor concentrate quality.

A
  1. weed seeds
  2. mold
  3. insects
74
Q

(T/F) Cotton seed meal is suitable for simple-stomach animals and indicates a good concentrate quality.

A

False - unsuitable for simple-stomach

75
Q

A pigment of cotton seed contains _____ which can cause pulmonary edema.

A

gossypol

76
Q

____ is the first limiting amino acid in cotton seed meal and its bioavailability of reduced by processing.

A

lysine

77
Q

Cotton seed meal contains a unique fatty acid, ________, which can cause a discoloration of eggs.

A

cyclopropenoid

78
Q

(T/F) It is difficult to evaluate nutritional quality by visual inspection.

A

True

79
Q

2 things to look for to determine concentrate quality

A
  1. mixed rations
  2. label info

Nutrition (8 decks)

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