Feeds + Processing (Exam 2) Flashcards
In animals, feeds are classified by the National Research Council into what 8 groups?
- dry forages + roughages
- pasture, range plants, forages
- silages
- energy feeds
- protein supplements
- mineral supplements
- vitamins supplements
- additives
Dry forages/roughages are products with more than ____% of ______ and more than ____% of _____.
18% crude fiber
35% cell wall
What are 3 examples of dry forage?
- hay
- straw
- stover
What is made by above-ground vegetative portion of plants and subsequent curing? (type of dry forage)
hay
Type of dry forage which is the residue of grain crop after removal of grain (wheat, barley, pea vines)
straw
_____ has low nutritive value compared to hay because stripped of seed and less digestible because they are more mature.
straw
Dry forage which is the aerial part of corn or sorghum without the ears, husks, or heads
stover
(T/F) Stover and straw have low nutritive value.
True
What is roughage? Examples of roughage
agricultural by-products high in fiber (beet pulp, hulls of cottonseed & peanuts, corncobs, seed pods)
All forages not cut or cut and presented fresh are ________.
pasture, range plants, and forages
Made by cutting/chopping immature forage followed by storage in enclosed space without air
silages
Storage condition (without air) for silages causes _______ of sugars resulting in formation of _______.
bacterial fermentation
organic acids
What primary organic acid is produced by storage condition of silage?
lactic acid
Formed acids preserve silage, reducing its pH to ____.
4.6
What does a storage space for “ensiling” or making silages look like?
concrete or steel tower, trench covered in plastic, or above ground container (long plastic bag)
(T/F) High protein forages, like alfalfa, make good silages.
False! DO NOT make good silages
Why do high protein forages (like alfalfa) NOT make good silages?
amino acids are degraded and less desired fermentation products are formed (butyric acid)
Energy feeds are also called _______
energy concentrates
Energy feeds contain products with less than ___% crude _____ and less than ___% crude _____.
18% crude fiber
20% crude protein
Energy feeds have (higher/less) digestibility than forages + roughages.
higher
Examples of energy feeds
grains or grain by-products
mill-byproducts
fruit, nuts, roots, tubers
(T/F) Once energy feeds are ensiled, they are no longer considered energy feeds/concentrates.
False - still considered
Protein supplements are also called ______.
protein concentrates
Protein supplements are products that contain ___% more protein.
20%
(T/F) Protein supplements do not include ensiled products.
False - do include
Examples of protein supplements
oil-seed meals, corn gluten, soybean protein isolate
Examples of mineral supplements
dicalcium phosphate
calcium carbonate
zinc sulfate
Examples of additives
antibiotics
coloring material
flavors
hormones
Feeds are processed at a cost that is often _____.
substantial
(T/F) All nutritional objectives may be achieved with processing.
False
5 common feed processing objectives
- increased digestibility
- increased intake
- reduced wastage
- bulk reduction
- facilitate packaging
(T/F) Decreased digestibility is common in feed processing but sometimes digestibility is increased.
False - increased is common, sometimes reduced
What 4 processes can be used for dry forage & roughage?
- milling
- chopping
- cubing
- pelleting
_______ is the first stage in making silage and involves cutting action of a knife against a sheer plate.
Chopping
2 Disadvantages of Chopping
- little change in digestibility
- increased cost
2 Advantages of Chopping
reduces waste + improves storage
Process that is optimally distributes particle size and targeted to increase forage intake and digestibility.
milling
Milling may reduce digestibility in what animals?
ruminants
_____ is formed in milling and may reduce palatability.
dust
What additions can counter the dustiness that milling causes?
minor additions of fats/molasses
What process permits longer lengths of chopped forage in the product and is extruded through a die of a rotary press?
cubing
Cubing may improve the _____ of the forage.
digestibility
2 Disadvantages of Cubing
- increases cost
- difficult to evaluate feed quality
2 Advantages of Cubing
- little negative on digestibility/intake
- reduce waste
What process is formed from milled dry forage extruded through a rotary die with round holes with high compression?
pelleting
____ forms stable cubes and pellets.
alfalfa
(T/F) Pellet size varies with the intended species for which it is made.
True
Term for pellet fines or partially reground pellets
crumbles
*3 Disadvantages of Pelleting
- small decrease in ruminant digestibility
- difficult to evaluate quality
- increases cost
2 Advantages of Pelleting
- increases intake
- reduce protein solubility (ruminant advantage)
For grains, ______ and _____ increase digestibility especially in horses, cattle, old sheep, and young lambs.
cracking + rolling
For grains, cracking and rolling increases what 2 things?
- up grain digestible fraction
- gelatinization of starch
Term for grain being sheared by passage between 2 rollers to produce “cracked grain”
dry rolling
Term for grain being heated in steam chest before rolling and rolled flat to varying thickness
steam rolling
Steam rolling has fewer _____ and _____ than dry rolling.
fines + dust
In steam rolling, starch is gelatinized, which improves ______.
digestibility
In steam rolling, as thinness (increases/decreases), digestion rate (increases/decreases).
increases
increases
Process like used in breakfast cereal industry that is more costly than steam rolling.
gelatinization
2 types of gelatinization
popping
micronizing
2 types of feed quality
roughage quality
concentrate quality
3 components to determine roughage quality
- weed contamination
- maturity
- cure
Presence of weeds in roughage reduces ______ and has lower digestibility and protein content.
nutritive value
Weeds may contain toxic substances such as ______ and ____ in roughage which would indicate a lower quality.
star thistle
common groundsel
Short florets and long awns in weeds present in roughage can cause _______ and reduce the quality of the roughage.
mechanical injury (damage of mucosa to face)
The nutritive value of roughage (increases/decreases) with maturity.
decreases
Well-cured hays have a _____ odor, indicating good roughage quality.
pleasant
Rain damaged hays or baled with high moisture content have ____ smell.
moldy
What can occur with “moldy” or overly moist or rain-damaged hay?
mold toxicant ingestion
mucosal ulcers, hemorrhage, fever, D+
The more leaves present in the cure, the (higher/lower) the nutritive value.
higher
(T/F) Solar exposure (bleaching) indicates the loss of nutritive value of cure.
True
What 3 things are components that can determine concentrate quality of feed?
- grain appearance
- cotton seed meal
- prepared products
Small size or pinched appearance of grain indicates (more/less) energy density digestibility.
less
3 noticeable appearances of grain that may indicate poor concentrate quality.
- weed seeds
- mold
- insects
(T/F) Cotton seed meal is suitable for simple-stomach animals and indicates a good concentrate quality.
False - unsuitable for simple-stomach
A pigment of cotton seed contains _____ which can cause pulmonary edema.
gossypol
____ is the first limiting amino acid in cotton seed meal and its bioavailability of reduced by processing.
lysine
Cotton seed meal contains a unique fatty acid, ________, which can cause a discoloration of eggs.
cyclopropenoid
(T/F) It is difficult to evaluate nutritional quality by visual inspection.
True
2 things to look for to determine concentrate quality
- mixed rations
- label info
