Equine Nutrition (Exam 2)

Question 1

Provide the equation to calculate the Maintenance Nutrient Requirement for a horse with minimal activity (stall confined).

Answer 1

DE = 30.3 x wt (kg)

Question 2

Provide the equation to calculate the Maintenance Nutrient Requirement for a horse with average activity.

Answer 2

DE = 33.3 x wt (kg)

Question 3

Provide the equation to calculate the Maintenance Nutrient Requirement for a horse with elevated activity (nervous, stallions, or young).

Answer 3

DE = 36.3 x wt (kg)

Question 4

(T/F) Protein not actively used in the horse can be stored in a reservoir.

Answer 4

False - always being used, no storage reservoir

Question 5

Protein deficiency leads to ______ in horses.

Answer 5

decreased muscle mass

Question 6

What is the NRC equation which gives you the crude protein requirement for an adult horse of average activity?

Answer 6

Crude Protein = 1.26 x wt (kg)

Question 7

“Good” carbohydrates are (highly/slowly) digestible, while “bad” carbohydrates are (highly/slowly) digestible.

Answer 7

slowly
highly

Question 8

An excess of “bad” carbohydrates leads to a high load in the _____ and ____.

Answer 8

cecum + colon

Question 9

Highly digestible carbohydrates exceed the absorptive capacity of the ______, so they are not digested here.

Answer 9

small intestine

Question 10

An excess of highly digestible carbohydrates (increases/decreases) the cecal and colonic pH which leads to what?

Answer 10

decreases
bacterial growth

Question 11

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 11

A, D, E, K

Question 12

Which two vitamins are toxic to horses in high amounts?

Answer 12

vitamin A
vitamin D

Question 13

_______ IU/kg dietary dry matter is the upper limit of Vitamin A in a horse’s diet.

Answer 13

16,000

Question 14

______ IU/kg dietary dry matter is the upper limit of Vitamin D in a horse’s diet.

Answer 14

2,200

Question 15

What is the main disorder than can occur in foals with Vitamin A toxicity?

Answer 15

DOD (developmental orthopedic disease)

Question 16

List 3 disorders consequential of Vitamin A toxicity (not in foals)

Answer 16

1. bone fragility
2. hyperostosis
3. teratogenesis

Question 17

Vitamin D toxicity can cause what disease which leads to death in horses?

Answer 17

calcinosis (internal organ mineralization)

Question 18

While there are no known signs of Vitamin E toxicity in horses, its excess may inhibit absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins which could lead to ______.

Answer 18

poor clotting

Question 19

(T/F) Macrominerals such as Ca, P, K, Na, Cl are tightly regulated so too little or too high of an amount can be lethal.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What category of minerals are toxic only in excess?

Answer 20

trace minerals

Question 21

What trace mineral is highly toxic to horses and one needs to evaluate rations for its concentration?

Answer 21

selenium

Question 22

What is the maximum tolerance of selenium in horses?

Answer 22

2 mg selenium/kg dietary dry matter

Question 23

What should be most of a horse’s diet (70% or more)?

Answer 23

forage

Question 24

(T/F) Horses require grain in their diet.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

Why do you need to gradually introduce a horse to pasture?

Answer 25

prevent laminitis and sensitivity to sugars/starches in grass

Question 26

Grain should be limited to <___% of a horse's diet and only used when a horse needs what?

Answer 26

<30% supplemental calories

Question 27

List a few disorders which can result in excess grain of a horse's diet

Answer 27

enteritis obesity DOD (foals) muscle diseases

Question 28

______ is necessary in horse commercial feeds to meet their requirements for sugars and starches.

Answer 28

forages (pasture or hay)

Question 29

(T/F) In "complete feeds" you may need to add supplemental forage.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

What are 4 types of By-Product feeds for horses?

Answer 30

1. beet pulp 2. wheat bran 3. rice bran 4. coconut meal

Question 31

What By-Product feed for horses should you always soak before feeding? Why?

Answer 31

beet pulp so it expands before and not in the esophagus

Question 32

Wheat bran has a high _____ content and may cause development of ______.

Answer 32

phosphorus enterolith

Question 33

Rice bran is high in ____ and used for what kind of horses?

Answer 33

fat athletes

Question 34

Coconut meal is (high/low) in CHO and energy (dense/deficient).

Answer 34

low dense

Question 35

(T/F) Horses prefer automatic waterers and deeper buckets.

Answer 35

False - shorter buckets & troughs (because they are prey animals)

Question 36

Warm water in cold weather will (increase/decrease) water intake.

Answer 36

increase

Question 37

Without enough water in a horse's diet, this can lead to what?

Answer 37

intestinal impactions (from dry feces)

Question 38

What 2 things can you use to flavor a horse's water to increase their water intake?

Answer 38

1. juice/gatorade (1 cup to 2-3 gal water) 2. salt supplement

Question 39

What should you always provide if you give a horse a flavored water source?

Answer 39

an unflavored water source

Question 40

What is the equation for energy requirement for a horse of average activity?

Answer 40

DE (kcal/day) = 33.3 x wt (kg)

Question 41

Horses consume ___% of their body weight in feed daily.

Answer 41

2-2.5%

Question 42

What percent of forage is necessary in a horse's diet for maintenance?

Answer 42

80-100%

Question 43

Which 3 things should be increased in a stallion's diet to improve reproductive success?

Answer 43

1. vitamin E 2. vitamin C 3. carnitine

Question 44

How does increasing vitamin E & C improve stallion reproductive success?

Answer 44

decreases sperm cell damage

Question 45

How does carnitine improve stallion reproductive success?

Answer 45

improve sperm motility

Question 46

(T/F) A mare needs increased energy intake for reproductive success.

Answer 46

False - same requirements as maintenance for everything!

Question 47

What is the Body Condition Score (BCS) goal for the mare when wanting reproductive success in mating?

Answer 47

5-6

Question 48

Feeding a pregnant mare has the same requirement requirements as the maintenance state during the first __ months of gestation except an increased requirement in what two substances?

Answer 48

5 months vitamin A + vitamin E

Question 49

In the last 7 months of gestation, the mare has a slight increase in ______ and forage should be ___% of her daily intake.

Answer 49

water intake 80%

Question 50

(T/F) Herbal supplements can be beneficial in pregnant and nursing mares and their foal's health.

Answer 50

False - unknown effects but DO NOT feed!

Question 51

What supplement is important in repairing OCD lesions later in life and the mares give birth to foals with less severe OCD lesions?

Answer 51

copper

Question 52

Which supplement increases foal immunity if given to a mare in the last 7 months of gestation?

Answer 52

vitamin E

Question 53

Vitamin E increases milk ___ and ___ as well as foal serum ___ for better immunity.

Answer 53

IgM + IgG IgG

Question 54

What is the most demanding physiological state of the horse?

Answer 54

lactation

Question 55

How much more energy does the lactating mare require compared to the maintenance state?

Answer 55

2x energy

Question 56

(T/F) Water intake does not increase in the lactating mare.

Answer 56

False - increases 2-3x

Question 57

(T/F) It is normal for the mare to lose weight during the first 3 months of lactation.

Answer 57

True - cannot ingest enough energy

Question 58

Limit the feeding of ____ to lactating mares to prevent GI complications.

Answer 58

grain

Question 59

All requirements for ______ increase in the lactating mare, especially due to the increase in ____ needed for milk.

Answer 59

minerals calcium

Question 60

In lactating mares, there is an increased vitamin __ requirement, but no change in the required vitamin __ or __.

Answer 60

E A or D

Question 61

Name 3 things that are reduced or worsened with a senior horse (>20 years)

Answer 61

reduced protein digestibility reduced mineral bioavailability worsened dentition

Question 62

What two supplements (single amino acids) can improve muscle mass in a senior horse?

Answer 62

lysine threonine

Question 63

What are 2 main nutrient toxicities in horses?

Answer 63

1. selenium 2. ionophore

Question 64

2 signs of selenium toxicity in horses

Answer 64

1. broken hairs (on mane/tail) 2. laminitis

Question 65

What are ionophores typically used for?

Answer 65

coccidiostat in ruminant/poultry feed

Question 66

Name a few signs of acute ionophore toxicity in horses

Answer 66

colic, anorexia, weakness, ataxia, muscle degeneration

Question 67

What are 2 delayed complications from ionophore toxicity in horses?

Answer 67

cardiac failure neurological deficits

Question 68

If looking at a forage analysis, mg/kg is equal to:

Answer 68

parts per million (PPM)

Question 69

(T/F) The veterinarian must submit the a forage analysis sample for submission.

Answer 69

False - client should send in!

Question 70

What substance is NOT automatically included in a forage analysis and must be additionally added?

Answer 70

selenium

Question 71

________ is not listed on the feed tag label for horses.

Answer 71

energy density

Question 72

If a forage analysis has less than 7% of calcium, that indicates its what kind of forage?

Answer 72

grass hay