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Nutrition > Equine Nutrition (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Equine Nutrition (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Provide the equation to calculate the Maintenance Nutrient Requirement for a horse with minimal activity (stall confined).

A

DE = 30.3 x wt (kg)

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2
Q

Provide the equation to calculate the Maintenance Nutrient Requirement for a horse with average activity.

A

DE = 33.3 x wt (kg)

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3
Q

Provide the equation to calculate the Maintenance Nutrient Requirement for a horse with elevated activity (nervous, stallions, or young).

A

DE = 36.3 x wt (kg)

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4
Q

(T/F) Protein not actively used in the horse can be stored in a reservoir.

A

False - always being used, no storage reservoir

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5
Q

Protein deficiency leads to ______ in horses.

A

decreased muscle mass

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6
Q

What is the NRC equation which gives you the crude protein requirement for an adult horse of average activity?

A

Crude Protein = 1.26 x wt (kg)

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7
Q

“Good” carbohydrates are (highly/slowly) digestible, while “bad” carbohydrates are (highly/slowly) digestible.

A

slowly
highly

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8
Q

An excess of “bad” carbohydrates leads to a high load in the _____ and ____.

A

cecum + colon

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9
Q

Highly digestible carbohydrates exceed the absorptive capacity of the ______, so they are not digested here.

A

small intestine

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10
Q

An excess of highly digestible carbohydrates (increases/decreases) the cecal and colonic pH which leads to what?

A

decreases
bacterial growth

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11
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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12
Q

Which two vitamins are toxic to horses in high amounts?

A

vitamin A
vitamin D

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13
Q

_______ IU/kg dietary dry matter is the upper limit of Vitamin A in a horse’s diet.

A

16,000

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14
Q

______ IU/kg dietary dry matter is the upper limit of Vitamin D in a horse’s diet.

A

2,200

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15
Q

What is the main disorder than can occur in foals with Vitamin A toxicity?

A

DOD (developmental orthopedic disease)

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16
Q

List 3 disorders consequential of Vitamin A toxicity (not in foals)

A
  1. bone fragility
  2. hyperostosis
  3. teratogenesis
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17
Q

Vitamin D toxicity can cause what disease which leads to death in horses?

A

calcinosis (internal organ mineralization)

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18
Q

While there are no known signs of Vitamin E toxicity in horses, its excess may inhibit absorption of other fat-soluble vitamins which could lead to ______.

A

poor clotting

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19
Q

(T/F) Macrominerals such as Ca, P, K, Na, Cl are tightly regulated so too little or too high of an amount can be lethal.

A

True

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20
Q

What category of minerals are toxic only in excess?

A

trace minerals

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21
Q

What trace mineral is highly toxic to horses and one needs to evaluate rations for its concentration?

A

selenium

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22
Q

What is the maximum tolerance of selenium in horses?

A

2 mg selenium/kg dietary dry matter

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23
Q

What should be most of a horse’s diet (70% or more)?

A

forage

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24
Q

(T/F) Horses require grain in their diet.

A

False

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25
Q

Why do you need to gradually introduce a horse to pasture?

A

prevent laminitis and sensitivity to sugars/starches in grass

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26
Q

Grain should be limited to <___% of a horse’s diet and only used when a horse needs what?

A

<30%
supplemental calories

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27
Q

List a few disorders which can result in excess grain of a horse’s diet

A

enteritis
obesity
DOD (foals)
muscle diseases

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28
Q

______ is necessary in horse commercial feeds to meet their requirements for sugars and starches.

A

forages (pasture or hay)

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29
Q

(T/F) In “complete feeds” you may need to add supplemental forage.

A

False

30
Q

What are 4 types of By-Product feeds for horses?

A
  1. beet pulp
  2. wheat bran
  3. rice bran
  4. coconut meal
31
Q

What By-Product feed for horses should you always soak before feeding? Why?

A

beet pulp

so it expands before and not in the esophagus

32
Q

Wheat bran has a high _____ content and may cause development of ______.

A

phosphorus
enterolith

33
Q

Rice bran is high in ____ and used for what kind of horses?

A

fat
athletes

34
Q

Coconut meal is (high/low) in CHO and energy (dense/deficient).

A

low
dense

35
Q

(T/F) Horses prefer automatic waterers and deeper buckets.

A

False - shorter buckets & troughs (because they are prey animals)

36
Q

Warm water in cold weather will (increase/decrease) water intake.

A

increase

37
Q

Without enough water in a horse’s diet, this can lead to what?

A

intestinal impactions (from dry feces)

38
Q

What 2 things can you use to flavor a horse’s water to increase their water intake?

A
  1. juice/gatorade (1 cup to 2-3 gal water)
  2. salt supplement
39
Q

What should you always provide if you give a horse a flavored water source?

A

an unflavored water source

40
Q

What is the equation for energy requirement for a horse of average activity?

A

DE (kcal/day) = 33.3 x wt (kg)

41
Q

Horses consume ___% of their body weight in feed daily.

A

2-2.5%

42
Q

What percent of forage is necessary in a horse’s diet for maintenance?

A

80-100%

43
Q

Which 3 things should be increased in a stallion’s diet to improve reproductive success?

A
  1. vitamin E
  2. vitamin C
  3. carnitine
44
Q

How does increasing vitamin E & C improve stallion reproductive success?

A

decreases sperm cell damage

45
Q

How does carnitine improve stallion reproductive success?

A

improve sperm motility

46
Q

(T/F) A mare needs increased energy intake for reproductive success.

A

False - same requirements as maintenance for everything!

47
Q

What is the Body Condition Score (BCS) goal for the mare when wanting reproductive success in mating?

A

5-6

48
Q

Feeding a pregnant mare has the same requirement requirements as the maintenance state during the first __ months of gestation except an increased requirement in what two substances?

A

5 months
vitamin A + vitamin E

49
Q

In the last 7 months of gestation, the mare has a slight increase in ______ and forage should be ___% of her daily intake.

A

water intake
80%

50
Q

(T/F) Herbal supplements can be beneficial in pregnant and nursing mares and their foal’s health.

A

False - unknown effects but DO NOT feed!

51
Q

What supplement is important in repairing OCD lesions later in life and the mares give birth to foals with less severe OCD lesions?

A

copper

52
Q

Which supplement increases foal immunity if given to a mare in the last 7 months of gestation?

A

vitamin E

53
Q

Vitamin E increases milk ___ and ___ as well as foal serum ___ for better immunity.

A

IgM + IgG
IgG

54
Q

What is the most demanding physiological state of the horse?

A

lactation

55
Q

How much more energy does the lactating mare require compared to the maintenance state?

A

2x energy

56
Q

(T/F) Water intake does not increase in the lactating mare.

A

False - increases 2-3x

57
Q

(T/F) It is normal for the mare to lose weight during the first 3 months of lactation.

A

True - cannot ingest enough energy

58
Q

Limit the feeding of ____ to lactating mares to prevent GI complications.

A

grain

59
Q

All requirements for ______ increase in the lactating mare, especially due to the increase in ____ needed for milk.

A

minerals
calcium

60
Q

In lactating mares, there is an increased vitamin __ requirement, but no change in the required vitamin __ or __.

A

E
A or D

61
Q

Name 3 things that are reduced or worsened with a senior horse (>20 years)

A

reduced protein digestibility
reduced mineral bioavailability
worsened dentition

62
Q

What two supplements (single amino acids) can improve muscle mass in a senior horse?

A

lysine
threonine

63
Q

What are 2 main nutrient toxicities in horses?

A
  1. selenium
  2. ionophore
64
Q

2 signs of selenium toxicity in horses

A
  1. broken hairs (on mane/tail)
  2. laminitis
65
Q

What are ionophores typically used for?

A

coccidiostat in ruminant/poultry feed

66
Q

Name a few signs of acute ionophore toxicity in horses

A

colic, anorexia, weakness, ataxia, muscle degeneration

67
Q

What are 2 delayed complications from ionophore toxicity in horses?

A

cardiac failure
neurological deficits

68
Q

If looking at a forage analysis, mg/kg is equal to:

A

parts per million (PPM)

69
Q

(T/F) The veterinarian must submit the a forage analysis sample for submission.

A

False - client should send in!

70
Q

What substance is NOT automatically included in a forage analysis and must be additionally added?

A

selenium

71
Q

________ is not listed on the feed tag label for horses.

A

energy density

72
Q

If a forage analysis has less than 7% of calcium, that indicates its what kind of forage?

A

grass hay

Nutrition (8 decks)

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