Macro-Minerals (Exam 3) Flashcards
Essential minerals are inorganic elements that are essential nutrients for all _______.
cells
___ inorganic elements (minerals) are essential in higher animals.
21
Two groupings of essential minerals. What are the groupings based on?
- macro
- trace or micro
based on quantitative need
How much of the dietary dry matter weight is the minimum amount of minerals required by mammals when present as salts?
5%
What mineral has the greatest quantitative need? Second? Third?
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
Which two minerals are often deficient in home-made diets for dogs and cats?
calcium
potassium
(T/F) Animals eat to fulfill a need for minerals.
False - primarily for energy
(T/F) Most minerals essential to animals are also essential to plants.
True
Which type of animal is predisposed to mineral deficiencies if consuming a single class of food?
omnivore
Mineral deficiencies are rare when a carnivore consumes what?
entirety of an animal
What two ways does mineral deficiency occur in herbivores?
- forage doesn’t require mineral
- forage requires less mineral than herbivore needs
_______ of minerals varies with physiological state.
deficiency risk
_______ and _______ can increase the risk of mineral deficiency.
growth
reproduction
What are 4 common causes of mineral deficiences?
- diet formulation error
- GI dysfunction
- excess loss in urine
- excess cutaneous loss
Give 4 examples of a dietary formulation error (which can cause mineral deficiency)
- concentration too low
- not bioavailable (oxidation state)
- compounds w/in food not bioavailable
- antagonistic effects of minerals
GI dysfunction can cause mineral deficiency. What are the 3 ways this can occur?
- disease
- rapid transit (diarrhea)
- rapid secretion loss (vomiting/diarrhea)
3 diseases which could lead to excess urinary loss of minerals leading to deficiency
- diabetes
- ketosis
- osmotic diuresis
(T/F) Most foods are high in calcium.
False - low
What are the 2 exceptions to the rule that most foods are low in calcium?
whole animals (skeleton)
natural milk products
Cereal grains and seeds are good sources of _______ and poor sources of _______.
phosphorus
calcium
Which plant family has moderate to high levels of calcium?
leguminosae (alfalfa, clovers)
Grasses have (high/low) levels of calcium.
low
(T/F) Few natural foods contain a good amount of vitamin D.
true
What are the 3 natural food sources with the highest vitamin D?
- liver
- fish liver oils
- egg yolk
What are the 2 forms of vitamin D in food?
- ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)
- cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
Vitamin D2 is produced from the UV irradiation of the plant __________ so it is often called “________”.
sterol ergosterol
“irradiated plant sterol”
What is cholecalciferol or vitamin D3 made from?
skin of animals with sufficient solar UV radiation
______ is passively and actively absorbed in the small intestine.
calcium
(Active/passive) absorption of calcium is the most important when dietary calcium is (high/low).
active
low
(T/F) It is common to have low calcium.
True
Calcium absorption is poorly controlled in _____ animals. This means there is concern for what condition?
immature
developmental bone disease
Active absorption of calcium varies with abundance of ________.
enterocyte transport proteins
Example of enterocyte transport protein important for active absorption of calcium.
calbindin
What hormone is derived from vitamin D and modulates amount of available transport proteins and the absorption of calcium?
calcitriol
Active absorption of calcium is impaired by ________ deficiency because of ________ hormone.
vitamin D
calcitriol
Acute dietary changes in calcium and phosphorus are buffered by _______.
skeletal reserve
Deficiency calcium causes what kind of abnormalities during growth and maintenance?
skeletal + joint
_______ contains a small but important “pool” of calcium.
plasma
Severe changes in calcium levels of plasma have effects on ______ and _____ function and can lead to death.
neural
muscular
Absorption efficiency (increases/decreases) when dietary phosphorus is low.
increases
Phosphorus absorption is high with ______ and ______ salts and moderate with _____ salts.
sodium
potassium
calcium
The high absorption of phosphorus with sodium and potassium salts can lead to what problem?
kidney damage
Phosphorus absorption is low when from ________.
grain phytate
Similar to calcium, phosphorus deficiency can cause ______ abnormalities during growth and maintenance.
skeletal
Vitamin D is lipid (soluble/insoluble) and absorbed with food (proteins/carbs/fats) in the jejunum and ileum.
soluble
fats
What 3 things may cause deficiency of the lipid soluble vitamins (AKED)?
- low dietary fat
- defective fat absorption
- poor bile production
For many species, vitamin D is synthesized from ______.
skin
Which species require vitamin D in their diet? Why?
dogs + cats
skin synthesis not sufficient
_______ is synthesized from vitamin D in liver and kidney metabolism.
calcitriol
Calcitriol is stored primarily in the _______ and is (very rapidly/very slowly) cleared from the body.
liver
very slowly
______ is measured to indicate vitamin D status and toxicity.
plasma/serum calcidiol
2 disease names for hypocalcemia (low plasma calcium)
“milk fever”
“lactational tetany”
Hypocalcemia occurs in late gestation in _____ and lactation in ____ and ____.
cats
dogs
cows
2 signs of hypocalcemia
weakness (neuromuscular)
pale (circulatory dysfunction)
With calcium deficiency, calcium of ____ is mobilized via what process?
bone
bone mineralization
Disorder where plasma parathyroid hormone is increased due to long-term, low calcium.
nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP)
High PTH causes damage to what 5 organs/body systems?
- kidneys
- CNS
- PNS
- cardiac
- skeletal
NSHP is caused by low _____ diets in many species.
calcium
“All _____ diets” cause NSHP in dogs and cats.
meat
“All _____ diets” cause NSHP in birds.
seed
“All ____ diets” cause NSHP in reptiles.
lettuce
Disease of defective mineralization of growing bone
rickets
What animals are affected by rickets?
young, growing animals
Symptoms of Rickets (4)
- pressure distortion of bone
- enlarged joints
- stiffness/lameness
- irregular dentition/mal-alignment
What is Rickets caused by?
low Ca, P, vitamin D diets
Disease for softened bone where chronic demineralization occurs after growth plate closure
osteomalacia
What animals are affected by Osteomalacia?
mature animals
Symptoms of Osteomalacia
- spontaneous fractures
- pinching of spinal column
Symptoms of Osteomalacia (3)
- spontaneous fractures of long bones
- compression fracture of vertebrae
- pinching of spinal column
Match what abnormal plasma concentrations (high/normal/low) of Ca, P, PTH, calcidiol with the mineral deficiency:
- Calcium
- Phosphorus
- Vitamin D
Calcium: norm/low Ca | PTH high
Phosphorus: low P
Vitamin D: high PTH | low calcidiol
What can vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus supplementation do in dogs?
worsen skeletal developmental disease
What is one of the most potentially toxic minerals?
vitamin D
What problems can occur with chronic over-supplementation of vitamin D?
elevate plasma calcium
calcification of kidney, aorta, heart
kidney failure
bone loss
Restricting dietary phosphorus prolongs survival in ___________.
renal insufficiency
Plasma phosphorus (increases/decreases) with loss of kidney function which lowers plasma ________.
increases
calcium
Term for hyperparathyroidism that results from low calcium during kidney failure
renal secondary hyperparathyroidism
(T/F) Diets based entirely on plants compared to animal products do not provide adequate sodium.
True
Which animals are especially at risk for sodium deficiency?
herbivores
Herbivores have a specific hunger for _______.
sodium
(T/F) Herbivores only consume the amount of sodium they need.
False - “luxury consume” beyond nutritional need
What can high dietary sodium be used for?
- vehicle to administer trace elements
- control range supplement intake
- prevent urolithiasis
What things can be used for high sodium to be a vehicle for trace elements?
licks, loose or solid blocks
High dietary sodium can prevent _________ in steers, wethers, dogs, and cats.
urolithiasis
How does high sodium prevent urolithiasis? (3)
dilute urine
increase volume
increase rate of excretion
Low sodium diets are used to treat dogs with ____________.
congestive heart failure
How does a low sodium diet help dogs with congestive heart failure?
decreases water retention
Processed snack foods are high in _______.
sodium
What 3 things decreasing are signs of sodium deficiency?
- decreased food intake
- decreased weight gain
- decreased milk yield
What 2 signs are seen with chronic sodium deficiency?
- polyuria
- polydipsia
(T/F) Sodium plasma levels are a good indicator of sodium deficiency.
False - do not reliably indicate sodium deficiency
Sodium toxicity occurs with high dietary _____ and when access to _____ is restricted temporarily or denied.
salt
water
Sudden free access to ______ or when _____ are improperly prepared can lead to sodium toxicity.
salt
milk replacers
5 symptoms of sodium toxicity
- disorientation
- ataxia
- head pressing
- paddling
- death
What 3 things can diagnose sodium toxicity?
- CSF high in Na
- cerebral edema (histopath)
- meningoencephalitis (histopath)
_________ are well supplied with potassium.
vegetative portions of plants
_____ are low in potassium.
grains
3 causes of K deficiency
- plant material drained by rain
- diet formulation errors
- diuretic treatments
Term for low plasma K
hypokalemia
Kittens with potassium deficiency are depressed, losing weight, a (high/low) blood pH, and a characteristic ________ of the head.
high (alkalosis)
rigid ventroflexion
A cause of K toxicity is ______ over-supplemental of K while _____ supplemental is usually safe.
parenteral
oral
Signs of K toxicity are (high/low) heart rate and what 2 changes on an ECG?
low
lack P waves, spiked T waves
What kinds of tissues are well-supplied with magnesium?
muscle, bone, organ tissues
Plant sources are (high/low) in bioavailable magnesium.
low
Modulating ________ and _______ maintain homeostasis of magnesium.
intestinal absorption
kidney excretion
In ruminants, there is substantial pre-intestinal absorption (rumen) of _______.
magnesium
2 causes of magnesium deficiency in dogs and cats
- diabetes
- low mg diets
Why would you feed a dog or cat a low magnesium diet?
prevent urolithiasis (mg ammonium phosphate)
2 causes of magnesium deficiency in ruminants
- lush pasture (adults)
- low mg in milk (infants)
3 signs of magnesium deficiency
- neuromuscular dysfunction
- mineralization
- vascular dysfunction
How do you diagnosis magnesium deficiency?
low plasma mg concentration
2 cause of magnesium toxicity
cats: high mg in diet (too much bone slurry)
kidney insufficient (less mg excreted)
Signs of magnesium toxicity
urolithiasis, UTI
vascular, muscle, CNS signs
