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Nutrition > Macro-Minerals (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Macro-Minerals (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Essential minerals are inorganic elements that are essential nutrients for all _______.

A

cells

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2
Q

___ inorganic elements (minerals) are essential in higher animals.

A

21

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3
Q

Two groupings of essential minerals. What are the groupings based on?

A
  1. macro
  2. trace or micro
    based on quantitative need
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4
Q

How much of the dietary dry matter weight is the minimum amount of minerals required by mammals when present as salts?

A

5%

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5
Q

What mineral has the greatest quantitative need? Second? Third?

A

calcium
phosphorus
potassium

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6
Q

Which two minerals are often deficient in home-made diets for dogs and cats?

A

calcium
potassium

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7
Q

(T/F) Animals eat to fulfill a need for minerals.

A

False - primarily for energy

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8
Q

(T/F) Most minerals essential to animals are also essential to plants.

A

True

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9
Q

Which type of animal is predisposed to mineral deficiencies if consuming a single class of food?

A

omnivore

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10
Q

Mineral deficiencies are rare when a carnivore consumes what?

A

entirety of an animal

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11
Q

What two ways does mineral deficiency occur in herbivores?

A
  1. forage doesn’t require mineral
  2. forage requires less mineral than herbivore needs
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12
Q

_______ of minerals varies with physiological state.

A

deficiency risk

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13
Q

_______ and _______ can increase the risk of mineral deficiency.

A

growth
reproduction

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14
Q

What are 4 common causes of mineral deficiences?

A
  1. diet formulation error
  2. GI dysfunction
  3. excess loss in urine
  4. excess cutaneous loss
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15
Q

Give 4 examples of a dietary formulation error (which can cause mineral deficiency)

A
  1. concentration too low
  2. not bioavailable (oxidation state)
  3. compounds w/in food not bioavailable
  4. antagonistic effects of minerals
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16
Q

GI dysfunction can cause mineral deficiency. What are the 3 ways this can occur?

A
  1. disease
  2. rapid transit (diarrhea)
  3. rapid secretion loss (vomiting/diarrhea)
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17
Q

3 diseases which could lead to excess urinary loss of minerals leading to deficiency

A
  1. diabetes
  2. ketosis
  3. osmotic diuresis
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18
Q

(T/F) Most foods are high in calcium.

A

False - low

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19
Q

What are the 2 exceptions to the rule that most foods are low in calcium?

A

whole animals (skeleton)
natural milk products

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20
Q

Cereal grains and seeds are good sources of _______ and poor sources of _______.

A

phosphorus
calcium

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21
Q

Which plant family has moderate to high levels of calcium?

A

leguminosae (alfalfa, clovers)

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22
Q

Grasses have (high/low) levels of calcium.

A

low

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23
Q

(T/F) Few natural foods contain a good amount of vitamin D.

A

true

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24
Q

What are the 3 natural food sources with the highest vitamin D?

A
  1. liver
  2. fish liver oils
  3. egg yolk
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25
Q

What are the 2 forms of vitamin D in food?

A
  1. ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)
  2. cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)
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26
Q

Vitamin D2 is produced from the UV irradiation of the plant __________ so it is often called “________”.

A

sterol ergosterol
“irradiated plant sterol”

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27
Q

What is cholecalciferol or vitamin D3 made from?

A

skin of animals with sufficient solar UV radiation

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28
Q

______ is passively and actively absorbed in the small intestine.

A

calcium

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29
Q

(Active/passive) absorption of calcium is the most important when dietary calcium is (high/low).

A

active
low

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30
Q

(T/F) It is common to have low calcium.

A

True

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31
Q

Calcium absorption is poorly controlled in _____ animals. This means there is concern for what condition?

A

immature
developmental bone disease

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32
Q

Active absorption of calcium varies with abundance of ________.

A

enterocyte transport proteins

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33
Q

Example of enterocyte transport protein important for active absorption of calcium.

A

calbindin

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34
Q

What hormone is derived from vitamin D and modulates amount of available transport proteins and the absorption of calcium?

A

calcitriol

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35
Q

Active absorption of calcium is impaired by ________ deficiency because of ________ hormone.

A

vitamin D
calcitriol

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36
Q

Acute dietary changes in calcium and phosphorus are buffered by _______.

A

skeletal reserve

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37
Q

Deficiency calcium causes what kind of abnormalities during growth and maintenance?

A

skeletal + joint

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38
Q

_______ contains a small but important “pool” of calcium.

A

plasma

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39
Q

Severe changes in calcium levels of plasma have effects on ______ and _____ function and can lead to death.

A

neural
muscular

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40
Q

Absorption efficiency (increases/decreases) when dietary phosphorus is low.

A

increases

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41
Q

Phosphorus absorption is high with ______ and ______ salts and moderate with _____ salts.

A

sodium
potassium
calcium

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42
Q

The high absorption of phosphorus with sodium and potassium salts can lead to what problem?

A

kidney damage

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43
Q

Phosphorus absorption is low when from ________.

A

grain phytate

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44
Q

Similar to calcium, phosphorus deficiency can cause ______ abnormalities during growth and maintenance.

A

skeletal

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45
Q

Vitamin D is lipid (soluble/insoluble) and absorbed with food (proteins/carbs/fats) in the jejunum and ileum.

A

soluble
fats

46
Q

What 3 things may cause deficiency of the lipid soluble vitamins (AKED)?

A
  1. low dietary fat
  2. defective fat absorption
  3. poor bile production
47
Q

For many species, vitamin D is synthesized from ______.

A

skin

48
Q

Which species require vitamin D in their diet? Why?

A

dogs + cats
skin synthesis not sufficient

49
Q

_______ is synthesized from vitamin D in liver and kidney metabolism.

A

calcitriol

50
Q

Calcitriol is stored primarily in the _______ and is (very rapidly/very slowly) cleared from the body.

A

liver
very slowly

51
Q

______ is measured to indicate vitamin D status and toxicity.

A

plasma/serum calcidiol

52
Q

2 disease names for hypocalcemia (low plasma calcium)

A

“milk fever”
“lactational tetany”

53
Q

Hypocalcemia occurs in late gestation in _____ and lactation in ____ and ____.

A

cats
dogs
cows

54
Q

2 signs of hypocalcemia

A

weakness (neuromuscular)
pale (circulatory dysfunction)

55
Q

With calcium deficiency, calcium of ____ is mobilized via what process?

A

bone
bone mineralization

56
Q

Disorder where plasma parathyroid hormone is increased due to long-term, low calcium.

A

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP)

57
Q

High PTH causes damage to what 5 organs/body systems?

A
  1. kidneys
  2. CNS
  3. PNS
  4. cardiac
  5. skeletal
58
Q

NSHP is caused by low _____ diets in many species.

A

calcium

59
Q

“All _____ diets” cause NSHP in dogs and cats.

A

meat

60
Q

“All _____ diets” cause NSHP in birds.

A

seed

61
Q

“All ____ diets” cause NSHP in reptiles.

A

lettuce

62
Q

Disease of defective mineralization of growing bone

A

rickets

63
Q

What animals are affected by rickets?

A

young, growing animals

64
Q

Symptoms of Rickets (4)

A
  1. pressure distortion of bone
  2. enlarged joints
  3. stiffness/lameness
  4. irregular dentition/mal-alignment
65
Q

What is Rickets caused by?

A

low Ca, P, vitamin D diets

66
Q

Disease for softened bone where chronic demineralization occurs after growth plate closure

A

osteomalacia

67
Q

What animals are affected by Osteomalacia?

A

mature animals

68
Q

Symptoms of Osteomalacia

A
  1. spontaneous fractures
  2. pinching of spinal column
69
Q

Symptoms of Osteomalacia (3)

A
  1. spontaneous fractures of long bones
  2. compression fracture of vertebrae
  3. pinching of spinal column
70
Q

Match what abnormal plasma concentrations (high/normal/low) of Ca, P, PTH, calcidiol with the mineral deficiency:

  1. Calcium
  2. Phosphorus
  3. Vitamin D
A

Calcium: norm/low Ca | PTH high
Phosphorus: low P
Vitamin D: high PTH | low calcidiol

71
Q

What can vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus supplementation do in dogs?

A

worsen skeletal developmental disease

72
Q

What is one of the most potentially toxic minerals?

A

vitamin D

73
Q

What problems can occur with chronic over-supplementation of vitamin D?

A

elevate plasma calcium
calcification of kidney, aorta, heart
kidney failure
bone loss

74
Q

Restricting dietary phosphorus prolongs survival in ___________.

A

renal insufficiency

75
Q

Plasma phosphorus (increases/decreases) with loss of kidney function which lowers plasma ________.

A

increases
calcium

76
Q

Term for hyperparathyroidism that results from low calcium during kidney failure

A

renal secondary hyperparathyroidism

77
Q

(T/F) Diets based entirely on plants compared to animal products do not provide adequate sodium.

A

True

78
Q

Which animals are especially at risk for sodium deficiency?

A

herbivores

79
Q

Herbivores have a specific hunger for _______.

A

sodium

80
Q

(T/F) Herbivores only consume the amount of sodium they need.

A

False - “luxury consume” beyond nutritional need

81
Q

What can high dietary sodium be used for?

A
  1. vehicle to administer trace elements
  2. control range supplement intake
  3. prevent urolithiasis
82
Q

What things can be used for high sodium to be a vehicle for trace elements?

A

licks, loose or solid blocks

83
Q

High dietary sodium can prevent _________ in steers, wethers, dogs, and cats.

A

urolithiasis

84
Q

How does high sodium prevent urolithiasis? (3)

A

dilute urine
increase volume
increase rate of excretion

85
Q

Low sodium diets are used to treat dogs with ____________.

A

congestive heart failure

86
Q

How does a low sodium diet help dogs with congestive heart failure?

A

decreases water retention

87
Q

Processed snack foods are high in _______.

A

sodium

88
Q

What 3 things decreasing are signs of sodium deficiency?

A
  1. decreased food intake
  2. decreased weight gain
  3. decreased milk yield
89
Q

What 2 signs are seen with chronic sodium deficiency?

A
  1. polyuria
  2. polydipsia
90
Q

(T/F) Sodium plasma levels are a good indicator of sodium deficiency.

A

False - do not reliably indicate sodium deficiency

91
Q

Sodium toxicity occurs with high dietary _____ and when access to _____ is restricted temporarily or denied.

A

salt
water

92
Q

Sudden free access to ______ or when _____ are improperly prepared can lead to sodium toxicity.

A

salt
milk replacers

93
Q

5 symptoms of sodium toxicity

A
  1. disorientation
  2. ataxia
  3. head pressing
  4. paddling
  5. death
94
Q

What 3 things can diagnose sodium toxicity?

A
  1. CSF high in Na
  2. cerebral edema (histopath)
  3. meningoencephalitis (histopath)
95
Q

_________ are well supplied with potassium.

A

vegetative portions of plants

96
Q

_____ are low in potassium.

A

grains

97
Q

3 causes of K deficiency

A
  1. plant material drained by rain
  2. diet formulation errors
  3. diuretic treatments
98
Q

Term for low plasma K

A

hypokalemia

99
Q

Kittens with potassium deficiency are depressed, losing weight, a (high/low) blood pH, and a characteristic ________ of the head.

A

high (alkalosis)
rigid ventroflexion

100
Q

A cause of K toxicity is ______ over-supplemental of K while _____ supplemental is usually safe.

A

parenteral
oral

101
Q

Signs of K toxicity are (high/low) heart rate and what 2 changes on an ECG?

A

low
lack P waves, spiked T waves

102
Q

What kinds of tissues are well-supplied with magnesium?

A

muscle, bone, organ tissues

103
Q

Plant sources are (high/low) in bioavailable magnesium.

A

low

104
Q

Modulating ________ and _______ maintain homeostasis of magnesium.

A

intestinal absorption
kidney excretion

105
Q

In ruminants, there is substantial pre-intestinal absorption (rumen) of _______.

A

magnesium

106
Q

2 causes of magnesium deficiency in dogs and cats

A
  1. diabetes
  2. low mg diets
107
Q

Why would you feed a dog or cat a low magnesium diet?

A

prevent urolithiasis (mg ammonium phosphate)

108
Q

2 causes of magnesium deficiency in ruminants

A
  1. lush pasture (adults)
  2. low mg in milk (infants)
109
Q

3 signs of magnesium deficiency

A
  1. neuromuscular dysfunction
  2. mineralization
  3. vascular dysfunction
110
Q

How do you diagnosis magnesium deficiency?

A

low plasma mg concentration

111
Q

2 cause of magnesium toxicity

A

cats: high mg in diet (too much bone slurry)

kidney insufficient (less mg excreted)

112
Q

Signs of magnesium toxicity

A

urolithiasis, UTI
vascular, muscle, CNS signs

Nutrition (8 decks)

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