tpr prac exam 2 Flashcards
multiple shelerosis
autoimmune sys that destroys the mylenated cells so that ap take even longer to form so little by little cant run, then jog, then walk.
also causes scar tissue everywhere in the nervous sys causing sodium to not enter so no AP
when does scar tissue form
because of injury to the tissue
scelerosis
hardening of the tissue so atherelorosis is hardening of the artery due to plaque buildup
lesion
injury
etiology
cause of condition or disease
sedation effect on nervous sys
u still need depolarizing wffect but it is at a minimal / decr release of excitatory
will not have sedation whatsoever because hyperpolarize will not cause neurotransmitter to be released
influx of ions vs efflux of ions
influx means coming into the cells whereas efflux means leaving the cell…
efflux of potassium means that there is better chance of depolarization
when calcium ions are released, does it eff the AP or the synapse? like which one is it more direct with?
postsynaptic so after the depolarization AP has occured
GABA neurotransmitter effects
it inhibits so it will have hyperpolarization effects
A frameshift mutation involving insertion of one base pair in an exon may result in:
a protein product of a lower molecular weight.
frameshift mutation only involves translation so polymerases will not have any participation
Which the following is a necessary condition for application of the Hardy-Weinberg law?
the population is large enough to avoid random drift, there is random mating,
there is no immigration or emigration,
there is no mutation,
there is no natural selection.
Which of the following structures in the digestive tract would be expected to have the highest pOH?
A
saliva
B
stomach
C
duodenum
D
large intestine
stomach bc basically asking which one will be most acidic
ph of 2 means that pOH will be a high number of 12
translation elongation vs translocation
translocation is mechanism of action of streptomycin interferes with the process by which the ribosome moves to the next codon on the mRNA strand
cant move on to next if first is impacted so more of elongation problem
elongation is occur while translating a strand of mRNA into a new protein
what does a very black dot at a certain kDA that is prominent throughout time of the electrophoresis mean?
most likely that is the key weight of the protein that is studied
look at bio section translation passage #16
hill coefficient
A hill coefficient of 1 would mean that Kd1 = Kd2 meaning that no allostery is present
A hill coefficient less than 1 would correspond to negative cooperativity, Kd1 < Kd2
regulation site vs catalytic site vs bound/bind site
reg site is where the allosteric binding site occurs so usually multiple regulation sites are common..
catalytic and the binding site is where the rxn occurs so both are considered as part of active site
catalytic site lowers activation energy barrier and the bind site holds the substrate in place for lock and key or induced model
A scientist prepares an aqueous solution of ATCase with carbamoyl phosphate, ATP, and aspartate but observes no reaction. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the scientist’s observation?
A. ATCase is insoluble in water.
B. The concentration of ATCase is too low. Your Answer
C. The concentration of ATP is too low.
D. The pH of the solution is too low.
no rxn means no info about the concentration so shouldn’t even have low activity but rather none what so ever.
ATCase is a protein. Protein structure is sensitive to many environmental conditions including pH. Extremely high and low pH solutions can both denature proteins, eliminating their catalytic activity. Furthermore, aspartate is a substrate for ATCase. When placed in a low pH solution, aspartate can become protonated if pH < pKa and may no longer be able to bind to ATCase
The hormones of the adrenal medulla bind to receptors:
the hormones of adrenal medulla are epinephrine and noriepinephrine which are amino acid derivatives
amino acids in genral are polar and a little bigger so they cannot cross the membrane on their own and need a receptor..
so will be found on the cell membrane
nuclear membrane vs cell membrane
The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that surrounds the entire cell. It is a lipid bilayer in the form of a continuous sheet. The nuclear membrane is not a continuous sheet, but rather is made up of a series of vesicles that come together to form the envelope around the nucleus.
when looking at graphs and they say that a certain thing is absent, what do u automatically eliminate from ans choice
34 bio
cannot discuss the activity of the thing absent because impossible to comp-are something that is not even present
All of the following can be found within the plasma EXCEPT:
A. hormones.
B. immunoglobulins.
C. CO2.
D. hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is found inside red blood cells not plasma
plasma vs serum
both liquid parts BUT
Plasma has fibrinogen and has anticogulated factors
serum has no fibrinogen and is after clotting process so the blood will appear clumped instead of layered
zygote stage has how many cells
1
morula stage has how many cells
16 but hard ball
blastula stage has how many cells
32 cells with fluid hollow texture
gastrula and neurela has how many cells
past the blastula stage so more than 32 cells
Members of a given species:
A. have identical genotypes.
B. have identical phenotypes.
C. are unable to breed with one another to produce viable offspring.
D. are unable to produce fertile offspring with members of another species
cant be identical because that means twins…
must be able to breed within species for fertile offspring
ex: . The horse and the donkey, for example, belong to different species but might mate to produce a mule. The mule, however, is sterile
According to the Hardy-Weinberg Law, the occurrence of dominant and recessive alleles within a population remains constant over time as long as
(1) population size is very large, (2) mating is random, (3) mutation does not occur, (4) the population takes in no genes from other populations, and (5) selection does not occur. These are the five conditions to which the question refers. So long as they are satisfied, the occurrence of the recessive (d) allele will remain relatively constant
fugue vs dissociative state?
A dissociative state is a defensive process that involves having one’s attention and emotions detached, in varying degrees, from the reality of the environment. The thousand-yard stare is a severe dissociative response to the overwhelming trauma of warfare (choice B is correct). A fugue state is dissociative in nature but involves a loss of memory, often resulting in a period of wandering and the formation of a new identity.
hysterical state
“Hysteria” is an antiquated term that was commonly used up until the mid-twentieth century, typically only in reference to women; it is rarely used by clinicians today. Its modern equivalent is “conversion disorder,” in which the individual appears to experience physical symptoms, such as blindness, paralysis, or numbness, with no organic cause.
top down vs bottom up
top down uses personal experiences and expectations to influence stimuli
bottom is sense basic features and then interpret them
Which of the following theories of perceptual organization represents a bottom-up process?
A. The law of proximity
B. Feature detection
C. The law of continuity
D. Perceptual constancy
A bottom-up process is characterized by a relative absence of higher cognitive involvement in sensory organization. Bottom-up processes involve organization at the level of the discrete sensory information. Feature detection involves attending to and perceiving salient pieces of information from a complex environment, a process that can occur absent higher cortical involvement (choice B is correct). The other answer choices are each examples of a top-down process. The law of proximity is an ordering principle that states that objects near each other will be perceived as belonging to the same group (choice A is wrong). The law of continuity, also an ordering principle, states that points connected by lines are perceived as the smoothest possible line (choice C is wrong). Perceptual constancy is the tendency to perceive objects as having a constant shape, color, or size, despite changes in the surrounding environment or in the orientation of the object (choice D is wrong).
The rate at which charge is transferred from one plate to the other is termed:
current
ampere = columb / sec