tpr prac exam 2 Flashcards
multiple shelerosis
autoimmune sys that destroys the mylenated cells so that ap take even longer to form so little by little cant run, then jog, then walk.
also causes scar tissue everywhere in the nervous sys causing sodium to not enter so no AP
when does scar tissue form
because of injury to the tissue
scelerosis
hardening of the tissue so atherelorosis is hardening of the artery due to plaque buildup
lesion
injury
etiology
cause of condition or disease
sedation effect on nervous sys
u still need depolarizing wffect but it is at a minimal / decr release of excitatory
will not have sedation whatsoever because hyperpolarize will not cause neurotransmitter to be released
influx of ions vs efflux of ions
influx means coming into the cells whereas efflux means leaving the cell…
efflux of potassium means that there is better chance of depolarization
when calcium ions are released, does it eff the AP or the synapse? like which one is it more direct with?
postsynaptic so after the depolarization AP has occured
GABA neurotransmitter effects
it inhibits so it will have hyperpolarization effects
A frameshift mutation involving insertion of one base pair in an exon may result in:
a protein product of a lower molecular weight.
frameshift mutation only involves translation so polymerases will not have any participation
Which the following is a necessary condition for application of the Hardy-Weinberg law?
the population is large enough to avoid random drift, there is random mating,
there is no immigration or emigration,
there is no mutation,
there is no natural selection.
Which of the following structures in the digestive tract would be expected to have the highest pOH?
A
saliva
B
stomach
C
duodenum
D
large intestine
stomach bc basically asking which one will be most acidic
ph of 2 means that pOH will be a high number of 12
translation elongation vs translocation
translocation is mechanism of action of streptomycin interferes with the process by which the ribosome moves to the next codon on the mRNA strand
cant move on to next if first is impacted so more of elongation problem
elongation is occur while translating a strand of mRNA into a new protein
what does a very black dot at a certain kDA that is prominent throughout time of the electrophoresis mean?
most likely that is the key weight of the protein that is studied
look at bio section translation passage #16
hill coefficient
A hill coefficient of 1 would mean that Kd1 = Kd2 meaning that no allostery is present
A hill coefficient less than 1 would correspond to negative cooperativity, Kd1 < Kd2
regulation site vs catalytic site vs bound/bind site
reg site is where the allosteric binding site occurs so usually multiple regulation sites are common..
catalytic and the binding site is where the rxn occurs so both are considered as part of active site
catalytic site lowers activation energy barrier and the bind site holds the substrate in place for lock and key or induced model
A scientist prepares an aqueous solution of ATCase with carbamoyl phosphate, ATP, and aspartate but observes no reaction. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the scientist’s observation?
A. ATCase is insoluble in water.
B. The concentration of ATCase is too low. Your Answer
C. The concentration of ATP is too low.
D. The pH of the solution is too low.
no rxn means no info about the concentration so shouldn’t even have low activity but rather none what so ever.
ATCase is a protein. Protein structure is sensitive to many environmental conditions including pH. Extremely high and low pH solutions can both denature proteins, eliminating their catalytic activity. Furthermore, aspartate is a substrate for ATCase. When placed in a low pH solution, aspartate can become protonated if pH < pKa and may no longer be able to bind to ATCase
The hormones of the adrenal medulla bind to receptors:
the hormones of adrenal medulla are epinephrine and noriepinephrine which are amino acid derivatives
amino acids in genral are polar and a little bigger so they cannot cross the membrane on their own and need a receptor..
so will be found on the cell membrane
nuclear membrane vs cell membrane
The cell membrane is a lipid bilayer that surrounds the entire cell. It is a lipid bilayer in the form of a continuous sheet. The nuclear membrane is not a continuous sheet, but rather is made up of a series of vesicles that come together to form the envelope around the nucleus.
when looking at graphs and they say that a certain thing is absent, what do u automatically eliminate from ans choice
34 bio
cannot discuss the activity of the thing absent because impossible to comp-are something that is not even present
All of the following can be found within the plasma EXCEPT:
A. hormones.
B. immunoglobulins.
C. CO2.
D. hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is found inside red blood cells not plasma
plasma vs serum
both liquid parts BUT
Plasma has fibrinogen and has anticogulated factors
serum has no fibrinogen and is after clotting process so the blood will appear clumped instead of layered
zygote stage has how many cells
1
morula stage has how many cells
16 but hard ball
blastula stage has how many cells
32 cells with fluid hollow texture
gastrula and neurela has how many cells
past the blastula stage so more than 32 cells
Members of a given species:
A. have identical genotypes.
B. have identical phenotypes.
C. are unable to breed with one another to produce viable offspring.
D. are unable to produce fertile offspring with members of another species
cant be identical because that means twins…
must be able to breed within species for fertile offspring
ex: . The horse and the donkey, for example, belong to different species but might mate to produce a mule. The mule, however, is sterile
According to the Hardy-Weinberg Law, the occurrence of dominant and recessive alleles within a population remains constant over time as long as
(1) population size is very large, (2) mating is random, (3) mutation does not occur, (4) the population takes in no genes from other populations, and (5) selection does not occur. These are the five conditions to which the question refers. So long as they are satisfied, the occurrence of the recessive (d) allele will remain relatively constant
fugue vs dissociative state?
A dissociative state is a defensive process that involves having one’s attention and emotions detached, in varying degrees, from the reality of the environment. The thousand-yard stare is a severe dissociative response to the overwhelming trauma of warfare (choice B is correct). A fugue state is dissociative in nature but involves a loss of memory, often resulting in a period of wandering and the formation of a new identity.
hysterical state
“Hysteria” is an antiquated term that was commonly used up until the mid-twentieth century, typically only in reference to women; it is rarely used by clinicians today. Its modern equivalent is “conversion disorder,” in which the individual appears to experience physical symptoms, such as blindness, paralysis, or numbness, with no organic cause.
top down vs bottom up
top down uses personal experiences and expectations to influence stimuli
bottom is sense basic features and then interpret them
Which of the following theories of perceptual organization represents a bottom-up process?
A. The law of proximity
B. Feature detection
C. The law of continuity
D. Perceptual constancy
A bottom-up process is characterized by a relative absence of higher cognitive involvement in sensory organization. Bottom-up processes involve organization at the level of the discrete sensory information. Feature detection involves attending to and perceiving salient pieces of information from a complex environment, a process that can occur absent higher cortical involvement (choice B is correct). The other answer choices are each examples of a top-down process. The law of proximity is an ordering principle that states that objects near each other will be perceived as belonging to the same group (choice A is wrong). The law of continuity, also an ordering principle, states that points connected by lines are perceived as the smoothest possible line (choice C is wrong). Perceptual constancy is the tendency to perceive objects as having a constant shape, color, or size, despite changes in the surrounding environment or in the orientation of the object (choice D is wrong).
The rate at which charge is transferred from one plate to the other is termed:
current
ampere = columb / sec
Hemolytic anemia may result from increased free radical levels in red blood cells. Primaquine, an oxidant drug, reduces cellular production of NADPH, and some individuals suffer from hemolytic anemia after primaquine treatment. Which enzyme is most likely affected in these individuals?
A. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
B. Ribulose-5-phosphate isomerase
C. Hexokinase
D. Carboxypeptidase
A.
NADPH is critical to the function of antioxidants (such as glutathione) that are important in maintaining the integrity of red blood cells. The pentose phosphate pathway is the primary source of this NADPH and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the first and regulated step of this pathway. Its inhibition would lead to a decrease in NADPH levels and impair red blood cells’ capacity to cope with oxidative stresses
Carboxypeptidase
Carboxypeptidases are enzymes that cleave peptide bonds at the carboxy terminus in digestion (e.g., pancreatic carboxypeptidase), in post-translational modification of proteins, or in regulation of cellular pathways
units for volts of electric field
V= Nm/q = J/ columb
work for electric field
qV
electric field formula
force/ charge
volts / distance
If the circuit is closed and a neutral molecule with a dipole moment is oriented between the plates so that the dipole is at a 45° angle to the plates, then the molecule will experience:
A. no net force and no net torque.
B. a net force but no net torque.
C. no net force but a net torque.
D. both a net force and a net torque.
If the molecule is neutral, its overall charge is zero, so the force on the molecule must also be zero (eliminating choices B and D). Now, if we treat the molecule as containing two equal but oppositely-charged ends, +q and –q, then each of these will experience an electric force (in opposite directions), and, as a result, the electric field exerts a torque on the molecule.
torque formula
F * r * sin(theta)
specific gravity
density of object / density of water
how to go from g/ cm^3 to kg/ m^3 vice versa
12 of chem section
little to big = multiply by 1000
big to small = divide by 1000
oxidation number for hydrogen if more or less electroneg than carbon
more elctroneg h = +1
less electroneg h = -1
what happens with gamma decay
nothing changes not even mass number nor atomic number
standard temp/pressure values
0 degrees Celsius
1 atm
273 K
volume is 22.4 L (molar volume of any gas)
standard conditions
think of Celsius for conditions
298 K (25 degree Celsius) 1 atm
what does acetylcholine do when interacting with its receptor
it has receptors in the synapse waiting for the neurotransmitters to be released from the vesicles and will cause a ligand gated sodium channel to open
synaptic transmission of the neurotransmitter
- AP takes place
- Calcium voltage open going into the cell bc it causes neurotransmitters (Ach) to be released from the neuron
- Ach binds to receptor, causing sodium to enter the skeletal muscle cell , causing AP in muscle cell and then muscle will contract
- once Ach breaks apart at the receptor, the ligand sodium channel will close and the muscle will relax
- choline will be transported back into syhnaptic knob to react with another acetate to make Ach (known as reuptake)
neuromuscular inhibitors
block the Ach receptors to prevent skeletal contraction so relaxes muscle which is good for surgery anesthesia …
however diaphragm is so important bc if relaxed and without ventilator, u cant breathe and will die
acetylcholineserase
enzyme that breaks down Ach so that the sodium ligand gate can close and the muscles can relax
the sensory neuron always releases a neurotransmitter that what?
that excites the neurons
excitatory vs inhibitory transmitters
excitatory releases opens the sodium ligand gate and flows in to the cell.
inhibitory opens the potassium ligand gate to cause k+ to get out of the neuron OR chlorine channels to go inside making it more negative
they both activate the neurotransmitter receptor sites in the posynaptic but only one can depolarize while the other one hyperpolarize
are catelomines excitatory or inhibitory
catelomines are norep, epinep, and dopamine which r all excitatory
temporal vs spatial
Spatial summation occurs when multiple presynaptic neurones together release enough neurotransmitter (e.g. acetylcholine) to exceed the threshold of the postsynaptic neurone. … -Temporal summation occurs when one presynaptic neurone releases neurotransmitter many times over a period of time.
can be excitatory or inhibit
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
breaks down catelomines by oxidizing them
adenyl cyclase
usually activated by a neurotransmitter and will cause adenyl cyclase to cut ATP into AP + PP —-> camp
phosphodiesterase
camp —> AMP (metabolite)
metabolite
inactivated form of a chemical
camp excites cells by?
not being broken down so that it can open sodium channels
usually with the help of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor
tyrosine and tryptophan make what neurotransmitters
tyrosine makes the cateolomines
tryptophan makes the serotonin
formal charge formula
valence electrons - actual electrons attached including the lone pairs
electron geometry vs molecular geometry
molecular ignores lone pairs and just counts the dash
nuclear effective charge (Z eff)
atomic number (number of protrons) - # of e- in inner circles (never count the ones in the valence shell)
ex: sodium nuclear eff is 1
relationship between lewis dot structure and formal charge
check the formal charge and try as best as possible to make the formal charge of central atom 0…
may have exceptions with sulfur and phosphorus
name two characters of a ligand base
can have non bonding e-
can have a neg charge
which atoms can exceed the octet rule
Sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, and chlorine are common examples of elements that form an expanded octet.
rule of thumb: anything b4 period 3 SHOULD NEVER EXPAND THE OCTET RULE WHICH IS NO MORE THAN 4 BONDS (INCLUDING THE LONE PAIRS)
examples of hybrid
sp sp2 sp3
how many liters = 1m^3
1000
how many cm = 1cm^3
1
however 1 L = 1000 cm^3 bc 1 cm^3 = 1mL
sp has how many s and p character percentage
50 % of each
sp2 as how many s and p character percentage
67% p and 33% of s
sp3 how many s and p character percentage
75 p and 25of s
what is another word for melting?
fusion
what is deposition
gas to solid
phase changes that bring molecules together vs the ones that farther them apart?
bringing them close together release heat (like freezing)
spreading molecules out will cause an absorb of heat like melting
is gluconeogenesis an endergonic rxn?
no it is overall exerg just like glycolysis
why is the rate of gluconeogenesis not dependent on myocytes?
Gluconeogenesis cannot occur in myoctes because they lack glucose-6-phosphatase
Increasing the rate of gluconeogenesis would also increase activity in which of the following processes or enzymes?
Glycolysis
FBPase
Oxidative phosphorylation
Item I is false: glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are competing pathways that would lead to futile cycles if both were running (choice D can be eliminated). Item II is true: FBPase is a key regulatory enzyme in gluconeogenesis and should display greater activity when the pathway is active (choice B can be eliminated). Item III is false: during gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is reduced to glucose and NADH is oxidized to NAD+. Decreasing the levels of NADH would result in a decrease in the electron transport chain and ultimately in the rate of oxidative phosphorylation (choice C can be eliminated and choice A is the correct).
wouldn’t want to use something that u already have so little of… NADH is already small in maount bc turning it into a lot of nad+ so why use even more of it
alpha decay vs beta decay
alpha decre mass number by 4
beta doesn’t effect mass number
esterification rxn
is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product.
e–OH group is replaced by an –O–alkyl group.
O-C=O-C so its a carbon in between the double bond O and regular O
If an object is traveling in uniform circular motion, and the centripetal force acting on the object is suddenly removed, which of the following best describes the object’s subsequent motion?
A. The object will continue to travel in a straight line at a constant velocity.
B. The object will continue to travel in a straight line, decelerating gradually until it comes to rest.
C. The object will continue to travel in uniform circular motion.
D. The object will continue to travel in uniform circular motion, decelerating gradually until it comes to rest.
Newton’s First law states that in the absence of external forces, an object will move with constant velocity. Therefore, once the force(s) providing the centripetal force are removed, the object will fly off tangentially from the circular path, traveling in a straight line at constant speed.
gram equivalent weight means what ?
g/mol divided by the number of protrons because the unit for gram equiv is grams so cancel out moles with something
How many liters of 2 M Ba(OH)2 are needed to titrate a 4 L solution of 6 M H3PO4? A. 1.33 L B. 12 L C. 18 L D. 56 L
Use the equivalence point equation: NaVa = NbVb. Ba(OH)2 can dissociate to give two hydroxide ions, so its normality is 2 M × 2 = 4 N. H3PO4 can dissociate to give three hydronium ions, so its normality is 6 M × 3 = 18 N. Plugging into the equation, we get (18 N)(4 L) = (4 N)(Vb). Therefore, Vb is 18 L.
