psych Flashcards
what two theories belong to the macro and why
functionalism and conflict theory
focuses on why societies form, change and how they function as a whole
what theory belong to the micro and why
symbolic interaction and social constructionism
focuses on individual level, one on one interaction, small groups etc
which theory can be macro or micro
social constructionism
is latent function a good or bad thing
can be good neutral or bad
social dysfunction
based on functionalism, the society is not healthy enough because one part is sick but hopefully the other components of society will help to nurse it to health to limit the incongruencies of society
hegemony
forced acceptance of the values, expectations, and conditions by the capitalist class
class conscientious
based on the conflict theory, when the working class becomes aware of being exploited and oppressed
rationalization of society
based on max webber saying that the max result can be achieved with the min effort
symbolic interactionism
exchange of info through language and symbol
meanings based on individ interpretations and social context
person follows their beliefs whether it is valid or not
symbolic interactionist mead distinction btwn social play vs social games
social play has less order more freedom and social games are strict with more order
dramaturgical approach
life is the stage and we are the performers having ppl see what we want them to see of us.
each role that we have varies around each audience of people that we are around
ex: family role vs work job role vs friends at a bar role
typification
allow us to classify objects and action we observe quickly and routinely
social exchange theory
maximize the benefits and minimize the disadvantages which will cause them to help more
two steps of utilitarians
- individuals try to make rational choices
2. look to support the self-interest
nuclear family is aka
immediate family
operational def
researchers specifically state what they mean from each variable
control group
group of reference to the experimental group and should be homogenous (same throughout) and as similar as possible to the experimental
placebo works best when what occurs btwn the partciipants and the researchers
double blind study
what is a con of a self reporting survey
ppl not answering accurately espec about their health
sampling bias
using a specific group like college students and trying to say that they represent the gen pop
selection bias
systematic flaws that can compromise the results
internal validity vs external validity
internal is basically saying that the conclusion of the results are still unclear whereas the external means that the conclusion cannot rely to the gen pop or reality of the world or hard to really say if null hypothesis should be rejected
attrition
participants drop out of study… fatigue can be a reason
impression management
participants adapt their response to what researchers are expecting or on social norms
ex: hawthorne effect self fulfilling study, no double blind
demand characteristics
when given the hypothesis participants will try to interpret their results to match the hypothesis that they were told
medicalization
A social process whereby human conditions come to be defined and treated as medical conditions
five major functions of family have been
reproduction & monitoring of sexual behaviors, social status, affection & companionship, socialization, and protection.
inductive
begins with the specific and ends with the general; it is therefore called the “bottom up” approach.
aversive control
occurs when behavior is motivated by threat of something unpleasant happening
anomie
is a social condition in which there is a disintegration or disappearance of the norms and values that were previously common to the society
reduced through social institurions
education
formal process by which knowledge skills and values are systematically transmitted through one group to another
teacher expectancy
students tend to match the teachers expectations which could be good or bad …
promotes inequality and self fullfilling prophesy
resembles symbolic interactionism because act on meanings based on scenarios and on micro level
iron law of oligarchy
theory that states that all forms of organisizations have oligarchy so democracy is not possible with large groups or complexity
relates gov and economy
what makes an ideal beurocracy
neutrality ppl hired for tech competence division of labor social hierarchy written rules
nepotism
hiring bc of relationships
mcdonaldization
fast food dominantes the other sectors of society by shifting through speed/ cost efficiency, standardized, same quality/experience
neg: lose personal touch
based on the sick role, are patients responsible for having a condition
no bc not their fault…
could even be genetic
institutional discrimin vs individ discrimin
social institution dicriminates individ or group that is discriminated nationwide like it could be a law… its former vocab word not ladder
availability vs accessability
availability relates to the presence of the resources like hospitals or doctors in the area
acessability is the ability to obtain the resources like even if medicine is available can I afford it
social epidemiology
social determinants of health and use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population
sociomic gradient in health
means as SES increases health income incr pos correl
Malthusian theory
unchecked population growth passing carrying capacity will cause catastrophe war or famine
all hell breaks loose
what are the five big personality traits
openness, conscientious, extraversion, agrreableness, neuroturism
ID
Seek pleasure and avoid pain
secondary traits
situation based and depends on the situation
ex is being nervous in a crowd
urbanization
shift from rural to urban
3 things that demographpics can detriementally cause
neighborhood segregation , environmental toxins, and food desert
food desert
high population but low access to fresh food
absolute vs relative poverty
abolut means cant even reach the bare necessities whereas the relative means cant meet the avg standard of living
sex reproduction
inequality transmitted from one gen to the next
horiz vs vertic mobility
horiz is change in occup or role but same salary/rank
vertical is change in salary
struct mobility
type of vertical mobility change but more due to society structure and not individ effort
neg percentage change means what whereas the pos percent change means?
neg value= narrowing
pos = not narrowing getting bigger
role conflict vs role strain
conflict involves two roles may have differing expectations of the person like job and parent
strain is different expectations for the same role like student having hw and studying for mcat
role exit
exit from one role to another
culture lag
culture takes time to catch up like with tech medicine etc
basically non material takes longer time to process up to material culture
culture shock
disorientation or frustartaion when entering another culture like language barrier
escape vs avoidant behavior
escape is when u find a way to leave the situation after it has already started
avoidant is when you leave the situation b4 it even starts
key words in learned helplessness
has to try and fail
(an extreme of external control)
or
has to learn that he cannnot do it through a trial
self schema
beliefs and characteristics about yourself
self efficacy
belief on if u are going to succeed
can social facilitation be better or worse with performance
could be better for simple tasks but worse for others
group polarization vs groupthink
both can be not optimistic but group polariz needs two measures… one in the middle and then goes to an extreme of the level… group think is just one feeling thing
factors for deindivation
need large crowd , and enough noise to cause an arousal so not LIKELY to occur in quiet areas
loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention (resistance
optimism bias
maybe I think im doing better than I really am like too optimistic
bad things happen to others but not to u
actor observer vs self serving bias
actor observer= we apply our exper/action to the given situation and environment
self serving= we apply our successes to ourselves but our failures to ourselves (HAS 2 PARTS OF DEF AND NEEDS BOTH)
norm of reciprocity
u will agree to do it bc they did a favor for u in the past
ambivalent attachement
clingy to mom, starts yelling to get mom attention but when mom finally comes to her, she is AMBIVALENT (TORN) so doesn’t show feelings
avoidant attachemnent
low image of themselves and does not show emotions to others
anxious disorganized attachment
anxious from ppl she supposed to see security from in older relationships and she sees a neg image of herself
salience
focus more on obvious cues but ignore/downplay the less obvious cues
black sheep in a crowd of white sheep
halo effect
overall impressions of someone impacts our assumptions about their character
sanction
written law or code
folkway
standards of norms that are approved but not morally signif
“Folks” shake their hands
mores
strict, morally and ethically signif in culture
MORALLY so everyone should know
during cellular respir, where does the most ATP come from?
citric acid cycle
human capital
individual values and skills that are valuable to society
cultural capital
non financial things that can help moblize person career like clothes appearance language etc
symbolic capital
things given to person because of their power and prestige which is valuable to society
affective state aka
emotion mood, feelings
cultural transmission
spread of culture from one generation to the next BUT WITHIN THE SAME GROUP
Cultural diffusion
spread of one culture from one group to the next
amalgamation
majority and minority combine to make a new group
aggregation
does not try to interact with others and stays to themselves..
doesn’t share interest in social issues
libido
psychoanalytic theory
life instinct that drives behaviors focused on survival growth creativity, pain avoidance, sex, pleasure
death instinct
psychoanalytic theory
drives aggressive behaviors fueled by an unconscious wish to hurt onseself or to die
ego vs superego
ego is the reality principle that tries to satsify the id through logic and consciousness
superego inhibits the id, find higer purpose, right from wrong
according to freud, why were defense mechanisms created?
to deal with anxiety and to help distort reality a little bit to feel better
reaction formation
expressing the opposite of what one really feels and it would be too dangerous to talk about how they really feel
little boys saying girls have cooties when they really like them
regression to the mean
tendency for scores to even out
projection
denying u feel some type of way but see it clearly in someone else…. like calling them angry when u really r the angry one
rationalization
making excuses but intellectually for an unacceptable behavior
based on freud and erickson, if a person becomes stuck in a stage, can they move on to another stage?
no for freud but yes for Erickson
Erickson order of stages
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame and doubt
- imitiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs role confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- integrity vs despair
autonomy vs shame/doubt
has to explore make mistakes and tests limits
nemo tryimng to explore area but dad doesn’t like it which if remanded too many times, can cause nemo to become dependent
initiative vs guilt
preschool age (3-6) need to be able to make decisions without feeling bad about it because if they do they will failed to be leaders as adults
industry vs inferiority
ages 6 - 12
gender role identity, school success/ goals achieved, understand the world
dash racing and parents cheering him while making him feel guilty if he ran too fast
identity vs role confusion
Adolsecence
20-18
identity goals, life meaning, limit testing
who am I ?
where do I stand in society?
generativity vs stagnation
35-60
help next generation and resolve the difference btwn dreams and accomplishments
integrity vs despair
look back with no regrets and feel personal worth
what kind of therapy based on psychoanalytic theory?
free association until problem from past or childhood pops up…
basically to help choose behaviors ok with ego and not based on id instincts or superego (guilt)
incongruence
based on humanist perspective
if experiences do not align to self concept person will feel like they don’t know who they are and try to discover themselves
determinant
based on behavioral theory, everyone is born as a blank state and its the environment that decides through reinformcemets and punishments
surface vs source personality traits
surhaces are easy to detct like if outgoiung but source is abstract like u wouldn’t see based on only a couple of times
person situation controversy
aka trait vs state controversy
determines whether personality is due to rait or state
trait vs state
trait is stable and more permanent whereas the state is more unstable and depends on the situation
incentives
external stimuli or events from the environement that helps to induce or discourage the behavior
justificiation of effort
make attitude match the behavior that u just did…
getting really good mcat score so goinfg to med school even if u realized its not for u
Yerkes Dodson law
we perform best under moderate arousal (not too high or low)
like a bell shaped curve that is perfect in the middle
James-lange
physiologic response followed by emotion
cannon bard
phys response and emotion at same time
scachter singer
phys response, cognition, emotion
when it comes to evolution and personality, it is always safe to choose from what personalities
the universal ones bs they have been passed on through survival of the fittest
what are other things that can cause anxiety instead of just anxiety?
alcohol, medication, drugs, and withdrawal
panic disorder
when u already have 1 panic attack and feel like u may get another one (usually occurs spontaneously but depends on situation)
what type of disorders are included in the anxiety disporder umbrella?
aniety and phobias
social anxiety disorder
anxiety while seen or being watched by others
dysphoria
emotional state that can follow a variety of mental illnesses or physical conditions
uncomfortable mentally, state of unease, anxiety, and misery
opp of eusphoria
regulations for ptsd
symptoms must last more than a month and must occur months to years after the traumatic event
ptsd doesn’t just come from dreaming but place in similar real life situations like same smell or near person
acute stress disorders
can last from 3 days up to one month
adjustment disorder
lasts btwn 3 to 6 months
stress comes from certain situations like divorce
three other somatic disorders
must last over 6months
illness anxiety
conversion disorder
factitious disorder
somatoform symptom disorder vs illness anxiety
illness anxiety has little to no somatic symptoms …
illness has care seeking or care avoiding people ..
care seeking is coming to hospital thinking that there is something wrong with u all the time but the tests come out negative
factitious disorder
fake an injury to get attention and may even pass level of benefits by inflicting harm on self or others
conversion disorder
have physical medical signs but no physiological cause… more likely a psychological cause
hypochondriasis
Obsession with the idea of having a serious but undiagnosed medical condition
bipolar 1 vs bipolar 2
bipolar 1 has at least 1 manic ep and 1 mixed ep
bipolar 2 has cyclic moods (mood swings), at least one depressive ep, and one hypomanic ep (which is like manic euphoria but less servere because only lasts for a couple of days)
major depressive disorder
depressed for at least 2 weeks and showing symptoms
cyclothymic disorder
mood swings but less mild then manic or depression but for at least two years and no absensce of symptoms for at least 2 months
persistent depressive disorder
aka dysthymia
mild symptoms of depression for 2 years but no absence of symptoms longer than 2 months
thalamus
sensory relay center
filters out physical stimuli that’s not important to you nut if important, it will transmit to some other thing like prefrontal
hypothalamus
hormone production, homeostasis, regulates autonomous nerv sys
amygdala
fear response, mood, emotion
functional scan techniques vs structural scan techniques
functional measures what brain regions are doing
structural measures what the brain looks like and can detect bleeds
mri vs fmri
but MRI scans image anatomical structure whereas FMRI image metabolic function
types of structural scans
mri
ct
ex of functional scans
eeg
fMRI
PET
neuralplasticity
changes in synaptic connections due to learning thinking behavior and emotions etc
primacy vs recency eff
primacy is more likely to remember the first/beginning set of words (more common than recency)
phonological loop
short term auditory rehearsal
visuospatial sketchpad
tempory storage of closing your eyes and seeing things in mind and is linked to semantic (meaning memory)
episodic buffer
close to episodic bc it uses long term memory of experiences
semantic is aka
meaning
elaborative
association with previous long term info
self reference memory
making new info by being personally relevant
clusters of personality disorders
cluster A = weird (nerds get a but weird socially)
cluster B = wild
cluster c = worried (worried about getting c )
mnemonic universal emotions
HSC FADS
happy sad contempt
fear anger disgust surprise
mnemic for cluster b personality disorders
BAHN
borderline, anti social, histrionic, narcissitic
positive priming vs negative priming
pos helps to speed up processing and neg slows it down likt talking about a color when looking at another one
context dependent vs state dependent
context is when u have a better time retrieving info in same environment like class room setting
state dependent is when u remem info in a certain environment/ space / mood
reproductive memory
recall that is hypothesized to work by storing the original stimulus input and reproducing it during recall.
flashbulb memory
memories of learning something so shocking or surprising that it creates a strong and seemingly very accurate memory of learning about the event–but not the event itself.
eiditc memory aka flashbulb memory
u can see stuff for only short time but have great memory of it
prospective memory
rmemebering to do future things like hw assignment
proactive interference
prior learning interferes with new learning so hard to learn new stuff
forget new
retroactive interference
new things u just learned interferes with the old things that u once new…
forget old
false memory
recollection of a memory that never happened
misinformation effect
when episodic info becomes less accurate bc post info after falsely shapes the memories that u had
anterograde amnesia
hard to form memories after the event happened
retrograde amnesia
loss of access of memories that happened b4 the event
Korsakoff syndrome
chronic memory disorder due to a defiecncy of thiamine and can be caused by misuse of alcohol
exacberate
strengthen
dopamine reward pathway
connects the ventral to the nuclear accumbens (pleasure center)
vicarious emotions
mirror neurons are activated when we feel the emotions of others
which reinforcement schedule would produce the longest lasting change/lowest extinction rate
ratio check!
sensory vs short term vs long term
Sensory memory is the initial brief stage of memory that transfers sensory experience to the second stage of memory known as short term memory. While information is in short term memory, one has ability to rehearse or otherwise maintain the information so that it can be transferred to the third stage of memory, long term memory. Thus, in a sequential process, short term memory follows sensory memory and is not the active part of sensory memory
proactive vs retroactive interfeerence
proactive is when u r trying to go fwd with what u are learning but the old things are interfering with the new things
retro is when u are going backwards but new things are interring with what u new from the old things
Meritocracy
a social system where effort and talent are rewarded like being hard working
Social reproduction
describes the perpetuation of social inequalities across generations that is facilitated by institutions like government or education. Both Bill and Alice both overcome significant challenges to become successful professionals; thus, their stories contradict social reproduction theory.
Which piece of information from the passage is LEAST relevant for determining the possible influence of confirmation bias on child abuse diagnosis?
A.
Parental concealment of child abuse from physicians
B.
Physician attention to evidence of child abuse
C.
Challenges posed by interpreting child abuse symptoms
D.
Emotional sensitivities around child abuse as a subject
Confirmation bias is a Psychology concept covered by the content category of “Making sense of the environment.” This question requires Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles by asking you to identify the information from the passage that is least important for determining whether confirmation bias is present. Confirmation bias is the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs. It can involve biases in the search for evidence and in the interpretation of evidence. Confirmation bias has also been found to be stronger for emotionally charged topics. All of the options address aspects of confirmation bias, except for A, which is the correct answer. Parental concealment is a social interaction rather than a cognitive processing factor that has been associated with confirmation bias.
confirmation bias
tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs, and can take place both in the search for and interpretation of evidence
focus on cognitive thinking not social interactions like how other people are acting
why are extrinistic motivators like awards?
External motivators are introduced as an outcome of a response, espec if done correctly
arcuate fasciculus,
will result in an inability to repeat words heard but spontaneous language production is intact.
core vs peripheral nations
core nations (more economically developed with strong governments and institutions) and periphery nations (less economically developed with weak governments and institutions).
World Systems Theory
theory of global inequalities. This framework describes countries in terms of their relations to each other and ranks countries as core, semi-periphery or periphery nations according to the development of their economy and strength of their government. Core nations have strong governments and developed economies, while periphery nations are less economically developed and have weaker governments.
Researchers surveyed participants on how frequently they help others in order to study the effect of age on altruistic behavior. Compared to older participants, younger participants reported engaging in altruistic behavior more frequently. Given the research design, which statement is NOT supported?
A.
Participants’ concerns about impression management could influence their survey responses.
B.
The researchers could determine whether age is directly responsible for altruistic behaviors.
C.
Variables such as gender and socioeconomic status could affect participants’ responses.
D.
The correct answer is B because the study, as described here, assessed only self-reports of altruistic behavior and did not include the controls needed to make conclusions about whether age was causally related to actual altruistic behaviors.
Charismatic authority
part of Max Weber’s theory of authority. It describes power as a result of persuasiveness
ratio vs interval reinforcement
Ratio schedules are based on the number of instances of the desired behavior, while interval schedules are based on time.
ex: ratio is like after certain amount of times, u get it or after random times trying (gambling) u get it.. so more connected to effort as interval is just timing of it
In Week 3, the children are rewarded randomly for using their learned coping mechanisms. This is consistent with a variable-ratio reward schedule (choice A is correct). A common variable-ratio reward schedule is gambling, and these types of reward schedules tend to produce high rates of engaging in the desired behavior, even though the reward is random. A fixed-ratio schedule would provide a reward after a set number of expressions of the desired behavior (choice B is wrong). Variable interval schedules provide reinforcement after an unpredictable and inconsistent amount of time. Reinforcement is not tied to instances of the desired behavior, but rather time engaging in the behavior (choice C is wrong). These types of schedules thus tend to produce a “slow and steady” response. Fixed-interval reward schedules provide rewards on a consistent and predictable basis. They tend to produce the highest response right before the reward
base rate fallacy
occurs when prototypical or stereotypical factors are used for analysis rather than actual data. Because the student is volunteering in a hospital with a stroke center, he sees more patients who have experienced a stroke than would be expected in a hospital without a stroke center. Thus, this experience changes his perception and results in base rate fallacy.
Reticular formation
The reticular formation has projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex that allow it to exert some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to our conscious attention. It plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep.
Location: Brainstem
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Linguistic relativity hypothesis is the argument that language determines cognition (thought). Strong linguistic relativism, or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, is that all thought comes from language, such that without a word for something it is impossible to comprehend a concept. Language determines thought. Weak linguistic relativism is that language influences thought, such that language makes us comprehend things in a certain way. For example, english people tend to ‘read’ artwork left to right, but arabs tend to read art right to left (because English is written from left to right & Arabic is written right to left). *
preoperational vs concrete
Ages 2-7: Preoperational stage. Children begin to understand symbolism. They engage in pretend play as well as playing alone alongside other kids. They are egocentric - they don’t understand the emotions and perspectives of others.
3) Ages 7-11: Concrete operational stage. Children begin to understand the concept of conservation. This is seen in the fact that they are learning math (conservation of numbers). The famous example of this is that a child under 7 would likely not understand that if a wider cup is poured into a skinnier cup, there is not more water just because the water level is higher.
left vs right hemisphere learning activites
Hemispheric Lateralization.
Left: Analytical thought, Language, Reasoning, Math, Science, Controls touch & movement on right side
Right: Spatial processing, emotion, art, music, visualization, controls touch & movement on left side
