psych Flashcards

Question

demand characteristics

Answer 1

when given the hypothesis participants will try to interpret their results to match the hypothesis that they were told

Answer 2

A social process whereby human conditions come to be defined and treated as medical conditions

Answer 3

reproduction & monitoring of sexual behaviors, social status, affection & companionship, socialization, and protection.

Answer 4

begins with the specific and ends with the general; it is therefore called the "bottom up" approach.

Answer 5

occurs when behavior is motivated by threat of something unpleasant happening

Answer 6

is a social condition in which there is a disintegration or disappearance of the norms and values that were previously common to the society reduced through social institurions

Answer 7

formal process by which knowledge skills and values are systematically transmitted through one group to another

Answer 8

students tend to match the teachers expectations which could be good or bad … promotes inequality and self fullfilling prophesy resembles symbolic interactionism because act on meanings based on scenarios and on micro level

Answer 9

theory that states that all forms of organisizations have oligarchy so democracy is not possible with large groups or complexity relates gov and economy

Answer 10

``` neutrality ppl hired for tech competence division of labor social hierarchy written rules ```

Answer 11

hiring bc of relationships

Answer 12

fast food dominantes the other sectors of society by shifting through speed/ cost efficiency, standardized, same quality/experience neg: lose personal touch

Answer 13

no bc not their fault... | could even be genetic

Answer 14

social institution dicriminates individ or group that is discriminated nationwide like it could be a law... its former vocab word not ladder

Answer 15

availability relates to the presence of the resources like hospitals or doctors in the area acessability is the ability to obtain the resources like even if medicine is available can I afford it

Answer 16

social determinants of health and use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population

Answer 17

means as SES increases health income incr pos correl

Answer 18

unchecked population growth passing carrying capacity will cause catastrophe war or famine all hell breaks loose

Answer 19

openness, conscientious, extraversion, agrreableness, neuroturism

Answer 20

Seek pleasure and avoid pain

Answer 21

situation based and depends on the situation ex is being nervous in a crowd

Answer 22

shift from rural to urban

Answer 23

neighborhood segregation , environmental toxins, and food desert

Answer 24

high population but low access to fresh food

Answer 25

abolut means cant even reach the bare necessities whereas the relative means cant meet the avg standard of living

Answer 26

inequality transmitted from one gen to the next

Answer 27

horiz is change in occup or role but same salary/rank vertical is change in salary

Answer 28

type of vertical mobility change but more due to society structure and not individ effort

Answer 29

neg value= narrowing pos = not narrowing getting bigger

Answer 30

conflict involves two roles may have differing expectations of the person like job and parent strain is different expectations for the same role like student having hw and studying for mcat

Answer 31

exit from one role to another

Answer 32

culture takes time to catch up like with tech medicine etc basically non material takes longer time to process up to material culture

Answer 33

disorientation or frustartaion when entering another culture like language barrier

Answer 34

escape is when u find a way to leave the situation after it has already started avoidant is when you leave the situation b4 it even starts

Answer 35

has to try and fail (an extreme of external control) or has to learn that he cannnot do it through a trial

Answer 36

beliefs and characteristics about yourself

Answer 37

belief on if u are going to succeed

Answer 38

could be better for simple tasks but worse for others

Answer 39

both can be not optimistic but group polariz needs two measures... one in the middle and then goes to an extreme of the level... group think is just one feeling thing

Answer 40

need large crowd , and enough noise to cause an arousal so not LIKELY to occur in quiet areas loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention (resistance

Answer 41

maybe I think im doing better than I really am like too optimistic bad things happen to others but not to u

Answer 42

actor observer= we apply our exper/action to the given situation and environment self serving= we apply our successes to ourselves but our failures to ourselves (HAS 2 PARTS OF DEF AND NEEDS BOTH)

Answer 43

u will agree to do it bc they did a favor for u in the past

Answer 44

clingy to mom, starts yelling to get mom attention but when mom finally comes to her, she is AMBIVALENT (TORN) so doesn't show feelings

Answer 45

low image of themselves and does not show emotions to others

Answer 46

anxious from ppl she supposed to see security from in older relationships and she sees a neg image of herself

Answer 47

focus more on obvious cues but ignore/downplay the less obvious cues black sheep in a crowd of white sheep

Answer 48

overall impressions of someone impacts our assumptions about their character

Answer 49

written law or code

Answer 50

standards of norms that are approved but not morally signif "Folks" shake their hands

Answer 51

strict, morally and ethically signif in culture MORALLY so everyone should know

Answer 52

citric acid cycle

Answer 53

individual values and skills that are valuable to society

Answer 54

non financial things that can help moblize person career like clothes appearance language etc

Answer 55

things given to person because of their power and prestige which is valuable to society

Answer 56

emotion mood, feelings

Answer 57

spread of culture from one generation to the next BUT WITHIN THE SAME GROUP

Answer 58

spread of one culture from one group to the next

Answer 59

majority and minority combine to make a new group

Answer 60

does not try to interact with others and stays to themselves.. doesn't share interest in social issues

Answer 61

psychoanalytic theory life instinct that drives behaviors focused on survival growth creativity, pain avoidance, sex, pleasure

Answer 62

psychoanalytic theory drives aggressive behaviors fueled by an unconscious wish to hurt onseself or to die

Answer 63

ego is the reality principle that tries to satsify the id through logic and consciousness superego inhibits the id, find higer purpose, right from wrong

Answer 64

to deal with anxiety and to help distort reality a little bit to feel better

Answer 65

expressing the opposite of what one really feels and it would be too dangerous to talk about how they really feel little boys saying girls have cooties when they really like them

Answer 66

tendency for scores to even out

Answer 67

denying u feel some type of way but see it clearly in someone else.... like calling them angry when u really r the angry one

Answer 68

making excuses but intellectually for an unacceptable behavior

Answer 69

no for freud but yes for Erickson

Answer 70

1. trust vs mistrust 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt 3. imitiative vs guilt 4. industry vs inferiority 5. identity vs role confusion 6. intimacy vs isolation 7. generativity vs stagnation 8. integrity vs despair

Answer 71

has to explore make mistakes and tests limits nemo tryimng to explore area but dad doesn't like it which if remanded too many times, can cause nemo to become dependent

Answer 72

``` preschool age (3-6) need to be able to make decisions without feeling bad about it because if they do they will failed to be leaders as adults ```

Answer 73

ages 6 - 12 gender role identity, school success/ goals achieved, understand the world dash racing and parents cheering him while making him feel guilty if he ran too fast

Answer 74

Adolsecence 20-18 identity goals, life meaning, limit testing who am I ? where do I stand in society?

Answer 75

35-60 | help next generation and resolve the difference btwn dreams and accomplishments

Answer 76

look back with no regrets and feel personal worth

Answer 77

free association until problem from past or childhood pops up... basically to help choose behaviors ok with ego and not based on id instincts or superego (guilt)

Answer 78

based on humanist perspective if experiences do not align to self concept person will feel like they don't know who they are and try to discover themselves

Answer 79

based on behavioral theory, everyone is born as a blank state and its the environment that decides through reinformcemets and punishments

Answer 80

surhaces are easy to detct like if outgoiung but source is abstract like u wouldn't see based on only a couple of times

Answer 81

aka trait vs state controversy determines whether personality is due to rait or state

Answer 82

trait is stable and more permanent whereas the state is more unstable and depends on the situation

Answer 83

external stimuli or events from the environement that helps to induce or discourage the behavior

Answer 84

make attitude match the behavior that u just did... getting really good mcat score so goinfg to med school even if u realized its not for u

Answer 85

we perform best under moderate arousal (not too high or low) like a bell shaped curve that is perfect in the middle

Answer 86

physiologic response followed by emotion

Answer 87

phys response and emotion at same time

Answer 88

phys response, cognition, emotion

Answer 89

the universal ones bs they have been passed on through survival of the fittest

Answer 90

alcohol, medication, drugs, and withdrawal

Answer 91

when u already have 1 panic attack and feel like u may get another one (usually occurs spontaneously but depends on situation)

Answer 92

aniety and phobias

Answer 93

anxiety while seen or being watched by others

Answer 94

emotional state that can follow a variety of mental illnesses or physical conditions uncomfortable mentally, state of unease, anxiety, and misery opp of eusphoria

Answer 95

symptoms must last more than a month and must occur months to years after the traumatic event ptsd doesn't just come from dreaming but place in similar real life situations like same smell or near person

Answer 96

can last from 3 days up to one month

Answer 97

lasts btwn 3 to 6 months stress comes from certain situations like divorce

Answer 98

must last over 6months illness anxiety conversion disorder factitious disorder

Answer 99

illness anxiety has little to no somatic symptoms … illness has care seeking or care avoiding people .. care seeking is coming to hospital thinking that there is something wrong with u all the time but the tests come out negative

Answer 100

fake an injury to get attention and may even pass level of benefits by inflicting harm on self or others

Answer 101

have physical medical signs but no physiological cause... more likely a psychological cause

Answer 102

Obsession with the idea of having a serious but undiagnosed medical condition

Answer 103

bipolar 1 has at least 1 manic ep and 1 mixed ep bipolar 2 has cyclic moods (mood swings), at least one depressive ep, and one hypomanic ep (which is like manic euphoria but less servere because only lasts for a couple of days)

Answer 104

depressed for at least 2 weeks and showing symptoms

Answer 105

mood swings but less mild then manic or depression but for at least two years and no absensce of symptoms for at least 2 months

Answer 106

aka dysthymia mild symptoms of depression for 2 years but no absence of symptoms longer than 2 months

Answer 107

sensory relay center filters out physical stimuli that's not important to you nut if important, it will transmit to some other thing like prefrontal

Answer 108

hormone production, homeostasis, regulates autonomous nerv sys

Answer 109

fear response, mood, emotion

Answer 110

functional measures what brain regions are doing structural measures what the brain looks like and can detect bleeds

Answer 111

but MRI scans image anatomical structure whereas FMRI image metabolic function

Answer 112

eeg fMRI PET

Answer 113

changes in synaptic connections due to learning thinking behavior and emotions etc

Answer 114

primacy is more likely to remember the first/beginning set of words (more common than recency)

Answer 115

short term auditory rehearsal

Answer 116

tempory storage of closing your eyes and seeing things in mind and is linked to semantic (meaning memory)

Answer 117

close to episodic bc it uses long term memory of experiences

Answer 118

association with previous long term info

Answer 119

making new info by being personally relevant

Answer 120

cluster A = weird (nerds get a but weird socially) cluster B = wild cluster c = worried (worried about getting c )

Answer 121

HSC FADS happy sad contempt fear anger disgust surprise

Answer 122

BAHN | borderline, anti social, histrionic, narcissitic

Answer 123

pos helps to speed up processing and neg slows it down likt talking about a color when looking at another one

Answer 124

context is when u have a better time retrieving info in same environment like class room setting state dependent is when u remem info in a certain environment/ space / mood

Answer 125

recall that is hypothesized to work by storing the original stimulus input and reproducing it during recall.

Answer 126

memories of learning something so shocking or surprising that it creates a strong and seemingly very accurate memory of learning about the event--but not the event itself.

Answer 127

u can see stuff for only short time but have great memory of it

Answer 128

rmemebering to do future things like hw assignment

Answer 129

prior learning interferes with new learning so hard to learn new stuff forget new

Answer 130

new things u just learned interferes with the old things that u once new... forget old

Answer 131

recollection of a memory that never happened

Answer 132

when episodic info becomes less accurate bc post info after falsely shapes the memories that u had

Answer 133

hard to form memories after the event happened

Answer 134

loss of access of memories that happened b4 the event

Answer 135

chronic memory disorder due to a defiecncy of thiamine and can be caused by misuse of alcohol

Answer 136

strengthen

Answer 137

connects the ventral to the nuclear accumbens (pleasure center)

Answer 138

mirror neurons are activated when we feel the emotions of others

Answer 139

ratio check!

Answer 140

Sensory memory is the initial brief stage of memory that transfers sensory experience to the second stage of memory known as short term memory. While information is in short term memory, one has ability to rehearse or otherwise maintain the information so that it can be transferred to the third stage of memory, long term memory. Thus, in a sequential process, short term memory follows sensory memory and is not the active part of sensory memory

Answer 141

proactive is when u r trying to go fwd with what u are learning but the old things are interfering with the new things retro is when u are going backwards but new things are interring with what u new from the old things

Answer 142

a social system where effort and talent are rewarded like being hard working

Answer 143

describes the perpetuation of social inequalities across generations that is facilitated by institutions like government or education. Both Bill and Alice both overcome significant challenges to become successful professionals; thus, their stories contradict social reproduction theory.

Answer 144

Confirmation bias is a Psychology concept covered by the content category of “Making sense of the environment.” This question requires Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles by asking you to identify the information from the passage that is least important for determining whether confirmation bias is present. Confirmation bias is the tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs. It can involve biases in the search for evidence and in the interpretation of evidence. Confirmation bias has also been found to be stronger for emotionally charged topics. All of the options address aspects of confirmation bias, except for A, which is the correct answer. Parental concealment is a social interaction rather than a cognitive processing factor that has been associated with confirmation bias.

Answer 145

tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs, and can take place both in the search for and interpretation of evidence focus on cognitive thinking not social interactions like how other people are acting

Answer 146

External motivators are introduced as an outcome of a response, espec if done correctly

Answer 147

will result in an inability to repeat words heard but spontaneous language production is intact.

Answer 148

core nations (more economically developed with strong governments and institutions) and periphery nations (less economically developed with weak governments and institutions).

Answer 149

theory of global inequalities. This framework describes countries in terms of their relations to each other and ranks countries as core, semi-periphery or periphery nations according to the development of their economy and strength of their government. Core nations have strong governments and developed economies, while periphery nations are less economically developed and have weaker governments.

Answer 150

The correct answer is B because the study, as described here, assessed only self-reports of altruistic behavior and did not include the controls needed to make conclusions about whether age was causally related to actual altruistic behaviors.

Answer 151

part of Max Weber’s theory of authority. It describes power as a result of persuasiveness

Answer 152

Ratio schedules are based on the number of instances of the desired behavior, while interval schedules are based on time. ex: ratio is like after certain amount of times, u get it or after random times trying (gambling) u get it.. so more connected to effort as interval is just timing of it In Week 3, the children are rewarded randomly for using their learned coping mechanisms. This is consistent with a variable-ratio reward schedule (choice A is correct). A common variable-ratio reward schedule is gambling, and these types of reward schedules tend to produce high rates of engaging in the desired behavior, even though the reward is random. A fixed-ratio schedule would provide a reward after a set number of expressions of the desired behavior (choice B is wrong). Variable interval schedules provide reinforcement after an unpredictable and inconsistent amount of time. Reinforcement is not tied to instances of the desired behavior, but rather time engaging in the behavior (choice C is wrong). These types of schedules thus tend to produce a “slow and steady” response. Fixed-interval reward schedules provide rewards on a consistent and predictable basis. They tend to produce the highest response right before the reward

Answer 153

occurs when prototypical or stereotypical factors are used for analysis rather than actual data. Because the student is volunteering in a hospital with a stroke center, he sees more patients who have experienced a stroke than would be expected in a hospital without a stroke center. Thus, this experience changes his perception and results in base rate fallacy.

Answer 154

The reticular formation has projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex that allow it to exert some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to our conscious attention. It plays a central role in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep. Location: Brainstem

Answer 155

Linguistic relativity hypothesis is the argument that language determines cognition (thought). Strong linguistic relativism, or the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, is that all thought comes from language, such that without a word for something it is impossible to comprehend a concept. Language determines thought. Weak linguistic relativism is that language influences thought, such that language makes us comprehend things in a certain way. For example, english people tend to 'read' artwork left to right, but arabs tend to read art right to left (because English is written from left to right & Arabic is written right to left). *

Answer 156

Ages 2-7: Preoperational stage. Children begin to understand symbolism. They engage in pretend play as well as playing alone alongside other kids. They are egocentric - they don't understand the emotions and perspectives of others. 3) Ages 7-11: Concrete operational stage. Children begin to understand the concept of conservation. This is seen in the fact that they are learning math (conservation of numbers). The famous example of this is that a child under 7 would likely not understand that if a wider cup is poured into a skinnier cup, there is not more water just because the water level is higher.

Answer 157

Hemispheric Lateralization. Left: Analytical thought, Language, Reasoning, Math, Science, Controls touch & movement on right side Right: Spatial processing, emotion, art, music, visualization, controls touch & movement on left side