psych Flashcards
what two theories belong to the macro and why
functionalism and conflict theory
focuses on why societies form, change and how they function as a whole
what theory belong to the micro and why
symbolic interaction and social constructionism
focuses on individual level, one on one interaction, small groups etc
which theory can be macro or micro
social constructionism
is latent function a good or bad thing
can be good neutral or bad
social dysfunction
based on functionalism, the society is not healthy enough because one part is sick but hopefully the other components of society will help to nurse it to health to limit the incongruencies of society
hegemony
forced acceptance of the values, expectations, and conditions by the capitalist class
class conscientious
based on the conflict theory, when the working class becomes aware of being exploited and oppressed
rationalization of society
based on max webber saying that the max result can be achieved with the min effort
symbolic interactionism
exchange of info through language and symbol
meanings based on individ interpretations and social context
person follows their beliefs whether it is valid or not
symbolic interactionist mead distinction btwn social play vs social games
social play has less order more freedom and social games are strict with more order
dramaturgical approach
life is the stage and we are the performers having ppl see what we want them to see of us.
each role that we have varies around each audience of people that we are around
ex: family role vs work job role vs friends at a bar role
typification
allow us to classify objects and action we observe quickly and routinely
social exchange theory
maximize the benefits and minimize the disadvantages which will cause them to help more
two steps of utilitarians
- individuals try to make rational choices
2. look to support the self-interest
nuclear family is aka
immediate family
operational def
researchers specifically state what they mean from each variable
control group
group of reference to the experimental group and should be homogenous (same throughout) and as similar as possible to the experimental
placebo works best when what occurs btwn the partciipants and the researchers
double blind study
what is a con of a self reporting survey
ppl not answering accurately espec about their health
sampling bias
using a specific group like college students and trying to say that they represent the gen pop
selection bias
systematic flaws that can compromise the results
internal validity vs external validity
internal is basically saying that the conclusion of the results are still unclear whereas the external means that the conclusion cannot rely to the gen pop or reality of the world or hard to really say if null hypothesis should be rejected
attrition
participants drop out of study… fatigue can be a reason
impression management
participants adapt their response to what researchers are expecting or on social norms
ex: hawthorne effect self fulfilling study, no double blind
demand characteristics
when given the hypothesis participants will try to interpret their results to match the hypothesis that they were told
medicalization
A social process whereby human conditions come to be defined and treated as medical conditions
five major functions of family have been
reproduction & monitoring of sexual behaviors, social status, affection & companionship, socialization, and protection.
inductive
begins with the specific and ends with the general; it is therefore called the “bottom up” approach.
aversive control
occurs when behavior is motivated by threat of something unpleasant happening
anomie
is a social condition in which there is a disintegration or disappearance of the norms and values that were previously common to the society
reduced through social institurions
education
formal process by which knowledge skills and values are systematically transmitted through one group to another
teacher expectancy
students tend to match the teachers expectations which could be good or bad …
promotes inequality and self fullfilling prophesy
resembles symbolic interactionism because act on meanings based on scenarios and on micro level
iron law of oligarchy
theory that states that all forms of organisizations have oligarchy so democracy is not possible with large groups or complexity
relates gov and economy
what makes an ideal beurocracy
neutrality ppl hired for tech competence division of labor social hierarchy written rules
nepotism
hiring bc of relationships
mcdonaldization
fast food dominantes the other sectors of society by shifting through speed/ cost efficiency, standardized, same quality/experience
neg: lose personal touch
based on the sick role, are patients responsible for having a condition
no bc not their fault…
could even be genetic
institutional discrimin vs individ discrimin
social institution dicriminates individ or group that is discriminated nationwide like it could be a law… its former vocab word not ladder
availability vs accessability
availability relates to the presence of the resources like hospitals or doctors in the area
acessability is the ability to obtain the resources like even if medicine is available can I afford it
social epidemiology
social determinants of health and use of social concepts to explain patterns of health in the population
sociomic gradient in health
means as SES increases health income incr pos correl
Malthusian theory
unchecked population growth passing carrying capacity will cause catastrophe war or famine
all hell breaks loose
what are the five big personality traits
openness, conscientious, extraversion, agrreableness, neuroturism
ID
Seek pleasure and avoid pain
secondary traits
situation based and depends on the situation
ex is being nervous in a crowd
urbanization
shift from rural to urban
3 things that demographpics can detriementally cause
neighborhood segregation , environmental toxins, and food desert
food desert
high population but low access to fresh food
absolute vs relative poverty
abolut means cant even reach the bare necessities whereas the relative means cant meet the avg standard of living
sex reproduction
inequality transmitted from one gen to the next
horiz vs vertic mobility
horiz is change in occup or role but same salary/rank
vertical is change in salary
struct mobility
type of vertical mobility change but more due to society structure and not individ effort
neg percentage change means what whereas the pos percent change means?
neg value= narrowing
pos = not narrowing getting bigger
role conflict vs role strain
conflict involves two roles may have differing expectations of the person like job and parent
strain is different expectations for the same role like student having hw and studying for mcat
role exit
exit from one role to another
culture lag
culture takes time to catch up like with tech medicine etc
basically non material takes longer time to process up to material culture
culture shock
disorientation or frustartaion when entering another culture like language barrier
escape vs avoidant behavior
escape is when u find a way to leave the situation after it has already started
avoidant is when you leave the situation b4 it even starts
key words in learned helplessness
has to try and fail
(an extreme of external control)
or
has to learn that he cannnot do it through a trial
self schema
beliefs and characteristics about yourself
self efficacy
belief on if u are going to succeed
can social facilitation be better or worse with performance
could be better for simple tasks but worse for others
group polarization vs groupthink
both can be not optimistic but group polariz needs two measures… one in the middle and then goes to an extreme of the level… group think is just one feeling thing
factors for deindivation
need large crowd , and enough noise to cause an arousal so not LIKELY to occur in quiet areas
loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention (resistance
optimism bias
maybe I think im doing better than I really am like too optimistic
bad things happen to others but not to u
actor observer vs self serving bias
actor observer= we apply our exper/action to the given situation and environment
self serving= we apply our successes to ourselves but our failures to ourselves (HAS 2 PARTS OF DEF AND NEEDS BOTH)
norm of reciprocity
u will agree to do it bc they did a favor for u in the past
ambivalent attachement
clingy to mom, starts yelling to get mom attention but when mom finally comes to her, she is AMBIVALENT (TORN) so doesn’t show feelings
avoidant attachemnent
low image of themselves and does not show emotions to others
anxious disorganized attachment
anxious from ppl she supposed to see security from in older relationships and she sees a neg image of herself
salience
focus more on obvious cues but ignore/downplay the less obvious cues
black sheep in a crowd of white sheep
halo effect
overall impressions of someone impacts our assumptions about their character
sanction
written law or code
