Organic chem Flashcards
what is another word for carbocation? and what is tis hybrid?
carbonium ; sp2
electron withdrawing vs electron donating
withdrawing are pulling electrons toward them
do nucleophiles like electrons
they have so many electrons that they give electrons away because they want to get closer to the nucleus so carry neg charge to let the e- seekers know
why is an oil bath used for the distillation method
helps to keep the constant temp bc oil will not evaporate
what keeps the condenser cool for the distillation
the movement of water in and out which is good since distillation undergoes vaporization and condensation
why do u need a vaccum in a distillation?
if u have compounds with high bp, u can uses the vacuum to lower the pressure which will hep to chang it to a gas
why is an oil hot bath and an ice bath needed for distillation?
so that molecules can go from gas to liquid (vice versa) quickly
what happens to temp during a phase change?
its constant
why use fractional distiilation?
when u distill again so that u can have an ideal compund purification from compounds with similar boiling points
which layer (organic or aqueous) has a higher density
the aqueaous phase (it contains ions and water)
organic layer has neutral compounds
during extractions what happens during the layers
u want the aqueous layer to come through to the flask and the organic layer to stay in the funnel.
this is used for separation so it is a purification method
Separate. By compound properties like ionic or nonpolar or by acid or base
So if u want to separate steroid VS nacl u will add ether and the steroid will dissolve in the ether and the more dense (water and ions) will be poured out first so basically polar goes out first because most dense due to water…
If u want a nonpolar, get a polar solvent
So use opp solvents of the desired compound
But for acid and base u will have rxn
The base will react well with acidic solvent and will travel down along with solvent to aqueous rxn to come out
Desired acid will need an a basic solvent
Neutral will stay in ether
what type of acid is a phenol
weak
acidity increases with what?
the more pos charge, electroneg (depends b/c have to remember atoms that are most acidic are the ones that are closer to the A of the periodic trend) and the bigger the atom
pick the one thatis most acidic
ammonia or ammonium
HI or HCL
ammonium
HI
the basic compounds have a what charge ?
neg
-log of 10?
-1
diff btwn pka and ph calcul
pka is log but ph (h+) is -log
order of acidity
- electroneg (halogens)
- carboxylic acids
- phenols (weak acid)
- carbonyls
- carbanions
whats the main diff btwn nucleophiles and elctrophiles
electrophiles are hungry for electrons (so carry the pos charges) so then the nucleophiles will be looking to give away electrons to them (they want to feed them) which will help them too because they want to be closer to the nucleus.
what makes better leaving groups
- stabilized molecules
- resonance
- halogens
- water or other neutral compounds
which one is more stable (thermodynamic) … enol or ketol
ketol
what does the reagent H2/ Ni do ?
it removes the ring strain of ONLY cyclopropane and cyclo butane and makes them a regular non ring alkane
conformational isomer
same molecular formula but differ by rotation around a sigma bond
staggered vs gauche
syn vs anti conformers
staggered is less crowded and more stable due to electron repulsion
syn is that the big groups are next to each other while anti means that they are across