KA PSYCH PG 50-100

Question 1

joint attn is:

Answer 1

the focusing of attention on an object by two separate individuals.

Question 2

2 types of cues that selective attn bring are exogenous cues and endogenous cues…. what’s the diff?

Answer 2

s of cues that can direct our attention – exogenous and endogenous § Exogenous /External Cues: Don’t have to tell ourselves to look for them in order for them to capture our attention Ex. Bright colors, loud noises, “pop-out effect”) • Exogenous attention is driven by bottom-up or external events, i.e. pop-out.

§ Endogenous Cues / Internal Cues - Require internal knowledge to understand the cue and the intention to follow it Ex. A mouse arrow, would need internal arrow of what an arrow is to follow it and to know it’s not just a random line. • Endogenous attention is driven by top–down or internal events, i.e. the cocktail effect. •

Question 3

inattention blindness aka perceptual blindness

Answer 3

• we aren’t aware of things not in our visual field when our attention is directed elsewhere in that field. “miss something right in front of you”

o In-attentional blindness is the inability to recognize an unexpected object, event, or stimulus that is in ‘plain sight’. This is due to a psychological lapse in attention, rather than a defect or deficit in sensory perception. o

Question 4

change blindness

Answer 4

– fail to notice changes from a previous to a current state in environment. (Different from in-attentional blindness, a subtle but importance difference) ex: don’t notice when your mom gets a haircut.

Question 5

covert vs overt orienting

Answer 5

Covert orienting is the act of bringing the spotlight of attention on an object or event without body or eye movement.

• Overt orienting, a person turns all or part of the body to alter or maximize the sensory impact of an event.

Question 6

neglect syndrome

Answer 6

• occurs when damage to the brain causes a change or loss in the capacity of the spatial dimension of divided attention

Question 7

attentional capture occurs when

Answer 7

when attention is attracted by the motion of an object or stimulus.

Question 8

basale forebrain

Answer 8

It includes the nucleus accumbens, nucleus basalis, and medial septal nuclei. These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine (helps to orient attn), which is then distributed widely throughout the brain. The basal forebrain is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the central nervous system

Question 9

execut attn

Answer 9

is involved in goal-directed behavior, monitoring conflicts between internal processes, and anticipating the effects of behavior. Dopamine from the ventral tegmental area is associated with executing attention.

Question 10

Broadbent’s Early Selection Theory

Answer 10

Sensory register to selective filter to perceptual process to Conscious.

Question 11

Deutch & Deutch’s Late Selection Theor

Answer 11

Places Broadband selective filter after perceptual processes. This means that you DO register and assign everything meaning but then selective filter decides what you pass on to conscious awareness.

Sensory register
perceptual process
selective filter
Conscious

Question 12

Treisman’s Attenuation Theory

Answer 12

Instead of complete selective filter, have an attenuator – weakens but doesn’t eliminate input from unattended ear. Then some gets to perceptual processes, so still assign meaning to stuff in unattended ear, just not high priority. Then switch if something important.

Sensory register
attenuator
perceptual process
Conscious

Question 13

Three factors have an influence our ability to perform multiple tasks at once:

Answer 13

Task similarity – ex. Listening to radio or listening to interview while writing a paper. Better to listen to classical music, because harder to multitask with similar tasks. Easier to multitask with music.

o Task difficulty – harder tasks require more focus. Ex. Texting while driving is more difficult than talking to a passenger in a car. Also, you turn off/down radio in an unfamiliar town…because driving requires more focus/becomes a harder task when you don’t know where you are going. o

Practice – activities well practiced become automatic processes, or things that occur without need for attention.

Question 14

episodic buffer

Answer 14

The episodic buffer is the component of working memory that integrates information from the phonological loop, visualspatial sketchpad, and LTM to create one unified memory of an event. It then temporarily holds that information in working memory.

Question 15

dual coding hypothesis

Answer 15

says it’s easier to remember words associated with images than either one alone.

Can use the method of loci

Question 16

method of loci

Answer 16

imagine moving through a familiar place and in each place leaving a visual representation of topic to be remembered.

Question 17

operational span testing

Answer 17

A task in which subjects are asked to perform a simple mathematical verification (e.g., 4/2 +1 = 3) and then read a word, with a recall test following some number of those verify/read pairs. The maximum number of words that can be recalled is the “operation span”.

Question 18

where are unconscious memories (aka implicit) stored?

Answer 18

basal ganglia

Question 19

two types of explicit memory

Answer 19

keep in mind that long term memory has unlimited capacity.

episodic and semantic

Question 20

pegword system

Answer 20

• Verbal anchors link words that rhyme with the number – EX.1 is bun, 2 is shoe, 3 is tree, 4 is door, 5 is skydive, 6 is sticks, 7 is heaven, etc. Then you pair list to each of the words you are trying to remember using imagery

Question 21

priming vs context vs state dependent

Answer 21

priming is implicit unsconscious effort of remembering things

context depends on the envioronment that you were in which helps to cue memory

state dependent depends on your mood or if under the influence which will help to remember if placed under the same moods

Question 22

positive priming vs negative priming

Answer 22

Priming in general is implicit memory because implicit memory means that you don’t need to put in conscious effort to remember something.
So in the priming example, when your friend calls you and talks about balls, you don’t consciously remember that I just watched porn so he must mean testicles, your brain automatically does that for you.
In the negative priming example, you automatically have trouble trying to focus on the O and ignore the X you don’t have to put in conscious effort to remember that you were previously told to ignore Os so you’ll have a hard time focusing on them once you’re told not to ignore them.

Question 23

source amnesia

Answer 23

is the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge.

Question 24

long term potentiation

Answer 24

one example of synaptic plasticity. • Neurons communicate using electrochemical signals – through synapse. Pre-synaptic neurons release neurotransmitters on post-synaptic neurons, allowing Na+ and Ca2+ to flow in. o Neural transmission will flow from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic neuron.
• Different in charge between outside and inside is the potential. • With repeated stimulation, the same pre-synaptic neuron stimulation converts into greater post-synaptic neuron potential– stronger synapse, and when it lasts long time it is called long-term potentiation. This is how learning occurs! •

Question 25

savings memory

Answer 25

Just because you can’t retrieve something doesn’t mean it’s completely gone. One way you can tell if someone has learnt something before is how quickly relearning happens. Even if Ebbinghaus couldn’t reproduce everything, took less time to learn list second time around.

Question 26

crystalized IQ

Answer 26

is improved (ability to use knowledge and experience. Typically tested by analogy tests and reading comprehension). Also better at emotional reasoning.

Question 27

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

Answer 27

precursor to Korsakoff’s syndrome. If Wernicke’s encephalopathy is diagnosed in time it can reverse the damage or at least prevent further damage. If untreated, will progress to Korsakoff’s Syndrome, which has a main symptom of severe memory loss, accompanied by confabulation (patients make up stories, sometimes to fill in memories). o Korsakoff’s syndrome is not progressive, unlike AD. If people are diagnosed and treated, they can better. o

Question 28

Spotlight model of attention

Answer 28

type of selective attention

Question 29

long term potentiation

Answer 29

Brain doesn’t grow new cells to store memories – connections between neurons strengthen. Called long-term potentiation, one example of synaptic plasticity.

With repeated stimulation, the same pre-synaptic neuron converts into greater post-synaptic neuron – stronger synapse, and when it lasts longer called long-term potentiation. This is learning!
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