gen chem Flashcards
emission does what to the bands and energy
has bright bands and goes to a higher frequency
PH can once or decr by what number
Ten fold
when acids dissociate in soon what happens to ions
Stable
what type of acids and bases will dissociate 100% in soln?
strong
formula for acetic acid and what type of acid?
formula for acetate
weak
C2H4O2
C2H3O2
when doing math problems with log and neg log, what is the ans to 1 x 10 ^-1 concentration?
- log [] will be 1
log of [] will be negative 1
What is the relationship between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its constituent particles?
sum of masses mass is greater
A radioactive nucleus decays by emitting a positron particle. What is true about the resulting daughter nucleus?
Its atomic number decreases.
positive beta particles (positrons) essentially convert one of the protons into a neutron, thus decreasing the atomic number during the process
Thallium-201 decays by electron capture. What are the atomic and mass numbers of the daughter nucleus, respectively?
Electron capture involves the addition of an electron to the nucleus with the conversion of a proton to a neutron. This results in mercury-201 as the product, making choice A correct.
Superscript: 201: subscript: 81: element symbol Tl: plus: superscript: 0: subscript: negative 1: electron or e ? Superscript: 201: subscript: 80: element symbol Hg
to help remember anode and cathode charges
DONT PANIC
POSITIVE IS ANODE
NEGATIVE IS CATHODE
when dealing with unknown concentrations for titrations, use
mv acid = mv base BUT BALANCE EQUATION FIRST to see if the ratio is equal
H NMR spectroscopy can provide all of the following information EXCEPT:
A. the connectivity of atoms in a molecule.
like how many hydrogens are involved…
B. the number of nonequivalent hydrogens in a molecule.
C. the chemical environment of the hydrogen atoms in a molecule…… like if its near an acid
D. the splitting patterns of equivalent hydrogen atoms. Correct Answer
why is the third ionization energy much higher than the first and second ionization energies?
the third is not at a higher energy level but the third electron is being removed from a completely full subshell
beta + decay vs beta (-) decay
beta pos means that a protron goes to a neutron
beta minus means that you gain electrons
opaque
not allow light to pass through
neg term
why is phenothalien useful for titrations?
colorless for acid but if detects a base, will turn colors
titrations are useful for?
finding an unknown concentration
end point
titration changes color
equivalence point
it is when the moles of H+ in solution equals the moles of OH- in solution, and all the acid (or base) in the original solution is neutralized.
why do air bubbles occur in distillation methods?
similar to a boiling chip
The air bubbles break the surface tension of the liquid being heated and prevent superheating and bumping
what are 4 things that makes a gas an ideal gas
no intermolecular forces (so no attraction to each other)
no volume (so don’t take space)
perfectly elastic
hard/round spheres
what is the R constant for pv=nrt?
.0821 [ atm x L / mol x K ]
8.314 Pa . m^3 / mol x K
Charles law formula
v1 /T1 = V2 / T2
always use kelvins and keep in mind that volume is on top because vol should be on y axis like rise over run
3 avogrado law formula
1 mol = 6.022 x 10^23
v2-v1 / v1 = n2-n1 / n1
v1 / v2 = n1 / n2
ideal pressure vs real pressure
ideal pressure is bigger than the real pressure and because it is bigger, then that means that means that the ideal volume will have to be smaller than the real one bc (inversely prop to the ideal pressure)
define boltzman constant and what is the formula
as the temp incr, the Ke incr as well and are very correlated to each other
boltzman helps to connect molecules (instead of moles) to R gas constant
Kb = R for pascals / avogrado # = 1.38 x 10^ -23 J/K
moles formula
1 / 6.022 x 10^23
internal energy formula
U = Q - (W)
W is positive if work is done by the system, so U decreases. W is negative if work is done on the system, so U increases.
heat capacity vs molar heat capacity formulas
C = Q/ T is heat capacity and the molar is Q / nT
monoatomic, constant volume: 3/2R
monoatomic, constant pressure: 5/2R
diatomic, constant volume: 5/2R
diatomic, constant pressure: 7/2R
heat formula
Q=mcΔt: Q= the heat energy (Joules), … water, at about 4.186 Joules/gram × °C), and t= the change in temperature in °C
why is helium the most ideal gas ?
it is the smallest of the noble gases so less mass and no intermolec force
standard state is aka
standard conditions
If a canister, with a moveable piston on top, had an increase in temperature applied to it, but the piston is prevented from moving, how does the pressure increase?
The work is only zero because there’s no change in volume (W=PdeltaV, and delta V=0 in this case), but pressure still increases because the average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas is proportional to the temperature. So yes, the faster these particles are moving when they hit the wall (as a result of increased temp), the greater the force they exert on the wall, and since P=F/A, pressure increases.
what is NAG SAG
whenever u sag your pants, somone will nag you
always soluble elements
Nitrates
Acetate
Group 1 metals
Sulfates
Ammonium
Group 17 nonmetals
what are the exceptions for solubility
P pb2+ (LEAD)
M ercury
S ilver
PMS is never soluble with sulfate or group 17
CaSTRoBear
Calcium
strontium
barium
never soluble with sulfates
dissolution vs precipitate
dissol will turn into ions and are SPECTATOR IONS NOT INVOLVED IN THE NET IONIC EQTN
precip is ionic crystal formed from strong electrostatic attraction that is stronger than hydration force of solvent like h2o from breaking the precipitate
ONLY PRECIPITATE IS IN NET IONIC EQUATION
what happens when u add acid to a thing that is slightly soluble?
if a strong enough base like HF (NOT HCL) it will cause even more of a solubility….
base has to react with H3O+, if another acid like hcl, the solubility will stay the same.
salt bridge
as one part becomes pos charged the neg anions will go in that directi0on to neutralize to keep from becoming to pos or neg so that current of electrons can continue to flow
ex like sodium sulfate bc it has both cations and anions to keep the balance