Tpo4 Flashcards
Marsh
Swamp, bog,swampland
باتالق •
• The crane lives in marshy habitats.
prevalent
accepted, widespread
• prevalent in/among etc
• Solvent abuse is especially prevalent among younger teenagers.
• the prevalent belief in astrology
Understory
Undergrowth, under grass • A layer of vegetation beneath the main canopy of forest
Inhibit
Restrict, constraint, hinder, impede, obstruct
• An unhappy family life may inhibit children’s learning.
• Recording the meeting may inhibit people from expressing their real views.
meadow
• Grassy land, grassy field, pasture, plain, prairie
browse
- Look around, look through, peruse, graze
- Jon was browsing through the photographs.
- The trip allows you plenty of time for browsing around the shops.
- tourists browsing the boutiques and souvenir stalls
fair-weather
Fair- weather
• Untrustworthy, dishonest, false, disloyal, unreliable, unsafe
• Fair-weather friend
decay
Rot, break down, collapse, deteriorate, corrosion,
• to be slowly destroyed by a natural chemical process, or to make something do this
• Most archaeological finds are broken, damaged, or decayed.
dormancy
Inaction, inactivity, inertia,
• The seeds remain dormant until the spring.
• a huge dormant volcano
hibernating
verb lie dormant; sleep through cold weather
cedar
سرو
fluctuate
Oscillate, vary, alternate, waver, keep changing
• Prices were volatile, fluctuating between $20 and $40.
• Insect populations fluctuate wildly from year to year.
bemoan
Complain, regret, mourn,
• He was bemoaning the fact that charge so much.
in the same breath
- used to say that someone has said two things at once that are so different from each other they cannot both be true:
- immediately
- He criticized the film, then predicted in the same breath that it would be a great success.
elk
گوزن شمالي
expedition
Journey, exploration, quest, tor, travel, trip an expedition to the North Pole another Everest expedition a shopping expedition a fishing expedition
starvation
• Hunger, famine, malnutrition • people dying of starvation
Picturesquely
Beautiful, attractive, charming, colorful
• a quiet fishing village with a picturesque harbour
• a picturesque account of his trip to New York
dot
- if an area is dotted with things, there are a lot of them there but they are spread far apart
- be dotted with something
- The lake was dotted with sailboats.
extermination
Destruction, elimination, extinction, eradication
• Staff use the poison to exterminate moles and rabbits.
plight
Bad Condition, predicament, trouble, dilemma
• the desperate plight of the flood victims
• the country’s economic plight
Encroach
- verb) invade another’s property, business
- Intrude, trespass,
- to gradually take more of someone’s time, possessions, rights etc than you should
- encroach on/upon
- Bureaucratic power has encroached upon the freedom of the individual.
- 2 to gradually cover more and more land
- encroach into
- The fighting encroached further east.
- —encroachment noun [uncountable and countable]
- foreign encroachment
logging
Deforestation • the work of cutting down trees in a forest
Annual
Yearly, each year
• The school trip has become an annual event.
• The jazz festival is held annually in July.
rebound
Revive, overcome, recover
• Share prices rebounded today after last week’s losses
predator
• Hunter, killer
Prey
profound
deep, philosophical, serious
having a strong influence or effect
profound effect/influence/impact/consequence etc Tolstoy’s experiences of war had a profound effect on his work.
The mother’s behaviour has a profound impact on the developing child.
profound changes in society
game
- wild animals, birds, and fish that are hunted for food, especially as a sport:
- game birds
bead
Stone
مهره
Crude
- Cheap, clumsy, raw, approximate
* a crude estimate of the population available for work
excavate
• Uncover, unearth, dig up,
• Schliemann excavated the ancient city of Troy.
• to make a hole in the ground by digging up soil
Excavation (n)
inhabit
- Dwell, populate, reside, live in
* The woods are inhabited by many wild animals. • inhabited islands
trappings
things such as money, influence, possessions etc that are related to a particular type of person, job, or way of life
• trappings of
• the trappings of power
1in a dangerous place[usually passive] to prevent someone from escaping from somewhere, especially a dangerous place:
Twenty miners were trapped underground.
depict
Illustrate, describe, interpret
• a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia
• The god is depicted as a bird with a human head.
spear
• a pole with a sharp pointed blade at one end, used as a weapon in the past نیزه •
cattle
- cows and bulls kept on a farm for their meat or milk:
* herds of cattle
bovine
• relating to cows: • bovine diseases
chip
- a small piece of wood, stone, metal etc that has been broken off something:
- Wood chips covered the floor of the workshop.
Tusk
• one of a pair of very long pointed teeth, that stick out of the mouth of animals such as elephants
horn
• the hard pointed thing that grows, usually in pairs, on the heads of animals such as cows and goats
shaft
• a long handle on a tool
Fertility
- Potency, pregnancy, productivity
- the ability of the land or soil to produce good crops
- 2MB the ability of a person, animal, or plant to produce babies, young animals, or seeds [≠ infertility]
dismantle
- Break up, destroy, demolish, disassemble, take apart
* Chris dismantled the bike in five minutes.
spout
• a sudden strong stream of liquid which comes out of somewhere very fast
Spout of water
spout from
Blood was spouting from the wound in her arm.
gusher
• a place in the ground where oil or water comes out very forcefully, so that a pump is not needed
adjacent
- Next to, neighboring
- We stayed in adjacent rooms.
- the building adjacent to the library
dye
- Pigment, color
* hair dye
hostile
- Hateful, unfavorable, unfriendly, inhospitable
- The boy feels hostile towards his father.
- his hostile attitude
slope
شیب • • Tilt
if you tilt the cup the tea will spill on the rug
اگر فنجان را کج کنی چای روی فرش ریخته خواهد شد.
spillage
if you spill a liquid, or if it spills, it accidentally flows over the edge of a container [↪ pour]:
• Katie almost spilled her milk.
collision
- Accident
- The school bus was involved in a collision with a truck.
- Two people were killed in a head-on collision
slick
• oil slick
an area of oil on the surface of water or on a road
platform
- Floor, stage
- the raised place beside a railway track where you get on and off a train in a station:
- The Edinburgh train will depart from platform six.
- 2for speechesTBB a stage for people to stand on when they are making a speech, performing etc:
- a small raised platform at one end of the room
drift
- to move slowly on water or in the air
* Smoke drifted up from the jungle ahead of us
ashore
- on or towards the shore of a lake, river, sea etc [= onshore]
- come/go ashore
- Seals come ashore to breed.
- Several dead birds had been washed ashore.
foul
- to make something very dirty, especially with waste:
* rivers and lakes fouled almost beyond recovery by pollutants
subside
- Decrease
* The pains in his head had subsided, but he still felt dizzy and sick
barrier
- Blockade, fence, obstacle
* Problems with childcare remain the biggest barrier to women succeeding at work.
adverse
- Unfavorable, negative, unfriendly
- They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets. • Miller’s campaign has received a good deal of adverse publicity.
squeeze
- to press something firmly together with your fingers or hand:
- She smiled as he squeezed her hand.
drill
- to make a hole in something using a drill:
* Drill a hole in each corner.
Derrick
- a tall machine used for lifting heavy weights, especially on ships
- a tall tower built over an oil well, used to raise and lower the drill جرثقیل دکل کشتی •
sediment
- Debris, trash, waste
- solid substances that settle at the bottom of a liquid:
- a thick layer of sediment
droplet
• a very small drop of liquid • droplet of • tiny droplets of water
marine
- Aquatic
- relating to the sea and the creatures that live there:
- the enormous variety of marine life
- the effects of oil pollution on marine mammals
- marine biology
accumulate
- Gather, assemble, collect, expand, hoard, pile up
- Fat tends to accumulate around the hips and thighs.
- It is unjust that a privileged few should continue to accumulate wealth.
decompose
• Break down, decay, fall apart
