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TPO1 Flashcards

1
Q

Vegitation

A

زندگي گياهي

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2
Q

Transition

A

انتقال، گذار، عبور
Ex: the smooth transition from full-time work to full retirement
Ex: Making the transition from youth to adulthood can be very painful.
Ex: a society that is in transition (=changing)

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3
Q

Dramatic

A

ناگهاني و بارز و برجسته
Sudden and striking

Ex: The transition from forest to treeless on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one.

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4
Q

Gradual

A

تدريجي

Ex: There has been a gradual change in climate.

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5
Q

Striking

A

بارز، برجسته، قابل توجه

Ex: a striking contrast between wealth and poverty

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6
Q

Shrub

A

بوته

Pro: شِراب

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7
Q

Semiarid

A

نيمه خشك

Semiarid areas

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8
Q

Infer(v)

P: inferred

A

استنباط كردن، استنتاج كردن
Ex: A lot can be inferred from these statistics.
Ex: From the evidence, we can infer that the victim knew her killer.

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9
Q

Deciduous tree

A

درخت برگ ريز

Opp: ever green

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10
Q

Tropics

A

مناطق گرمسيري

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11
Q

Polar regions

A

مناطق قطبي

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12
Q

Range

A

تغيير كردن، مرتب كردن

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13
Q

Broadleaf

A

برگ پهن

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14
Q

Suggesting that

A

اشاره كردن بر، پيشنهاد كردن، نشان مي دهد كه

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15
Q

Species

A

گونه، انواع
Pro: اسْپي سييز
Species of plant
Species of animal

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16
Q

Attain

A

رسيدن، دست يافتن
Syn: Achieve
Ex: This is particularly(پارتي كيو لِرلي) true for trees in the middle and upper latitude, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges.

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17
Q

Endure

A

تحمل كردن، بردباري كردن
Pro: اِنْدُر
Ex: It seemed impossible that anyone could endure such pain.

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18
Q

Whereas

A

درحاليكه

Ex: The old system was fairly complicated whereas the new system is really very simple.

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19
Q

Duration

A

مدت زمان، در طول

Ex: The package includes cycle hire for the duration of your holiday.

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20
Q

Expose

A

در معرض گذاشتن، نمايش دادن، افشا كردن

Ex: Potatoes turn green when exposed to light.

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21
Q

Velocity

A

سرعت، شتاب
Ex: the velocity of light
Ex: The speedboat reached a velocity of 120 mph.

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22
Q

Favorable(adj)

A

مطلوب

Ex: Three years ago, circumstances were more favorable.

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23
Q

Prone

A

مستعد، متمايل، دمر
Ex: Some plants are very prone to disease.
Ex: Kids are all prone to eat junk food.
Ex: He’s always been accident-prone.

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24
Q

Cessation

A

توقف، ايست
Pro: سي سِيشن
Ex: a cessation of hostilitiesخصومت

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25
Q

Avalanches

A

بهمن

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26
Q

Creep

A

به آرامي حركت كردن

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27
Q

Seedling

A

جوانه، نهال تخمي، نهال كوچك درخت

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28
Q

Presence(n)

A

حضور، مجاورت
Opp: absence
Pro: پِر زِنس
Ex: Your presence is requested at the club meeting on Friday.
Ex: Tests revealed the presence of poison in the blood.

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29
Q

Ultraviolet light

A

اشعه فرا بنفش

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30
Q

Browse(v)

A

مرور كردن، چريدن
Browsing=grazing چريدن
Ex: Jon was browsing through the photographs.
Ex: The trip allows you plenty of time for browsing around the shops.
tourists browsing the boutiques and souvenir stalls

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31
Q

Graze

A

چراندن، چريدن، خراشيدن

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32
Q

Shoots

A

شاخه

Tree shoots

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33
Q

Buds

A

جوانه، غنچه

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34
Q

Mature

A

بالغ، كامل
Pro: مِچُر
Ex: Laura is very mature for her age.

Ex: Tree shoots and buds cannot mature sufficiently to survive the winter month.

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35
Q

Adjacent

A

مجاورت

Ex: the building adjacent to the library

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36
Q

Consist

A

شامل، عبارت بودن از

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37
Q

Diversity

A

تنوع

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38
Q

Occasional

A

گاه به گاه

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39
Q

Mosses

A

خزه

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40
Q

Bare

A

لخت، عريان، آشكار، برهنه كردن

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41
Q

Lichen

A

گلسنگ

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42
Q

Prevalent(adj)

A

شايع، متداول، مرسوم
Syn: widespread گسترده، شايع، متداول
Ex: This belief is more prevalent among men than women.
Ex: the prevalent belief in astrologyطالع بيني

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43
Q

Equatorial

A

استوايي

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44
Q

Prostrate(adj)

A

دمرخوابيده، بيچاره و درمانده
Ex: They found him lying prostrate on the floor.
Ex: Julie was prostrate with grief after her father’s death.

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45
Q

Favorable

A

مطلوب و مناسب

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46
Q

Snowdrift

A

برف باد آورد

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47
Q

Satisfactory

A

رضايت بخش

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48
Q

Rigors

A

سختي، سخت گيري

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49
Q

Crucial(adj)

A

حياتي
Syn: vital
Ex: This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies.

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50
Q

Insulation

A

عايق، عايق گذاري

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51
Q

Sympathize (v)

A

همدردي كردن، جانبداري كردن
Ex: I sympathize, but I don’t know how to help.
The public sympathized with the miners’ strike.

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52
Q

Speculation (n)

A

حدس و گمان
Syn: conjecture (n,v), hypothesis
Ex: There is speculation that the president is ill.

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53
Q

Hypothesis (n)

A 
فرضيه/ حدس و گمان
Syn: 1)theory 2) speculation 
Hypothesize (v)فرض كردن
Hypothetical (adj)فرضي
Hypothetically (adv)فرضاً
Ex:  One hypothesis is that the victim fell asleep while driving.
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54
Q

Concrete

A

واقعي، بهم چسبيده
Opp: speculation, hypothesis
Ex: the lack of any concrete evidence

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55
Q

Champion(v)

A

پشتيباني كردن، طرفداري كردن

Ex: the theory championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth

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56
Q

Anthropology

A

مردم شناسي

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57
Q

Envision (v)

A

تجسم كردن
Syn: envisage
Ex: I envisioned a future of educational excellence.

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58
Q

Ritual

A

تشريفات مذهبي
Syn: rite
Ex: the importance of religion and ritual in our lives
Ex: funeral rites

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59
Q

Perceive(v)

A

درك كردن
Perception ادراك، درك
Ex: Cats are not able to perceive colour.

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60
Q

Stage

A

مرحله، صحنه، طبقه

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61
Q

Attribute(n,v)

A

ويژگي، نسبت دادن

Ex: it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences

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62
Q

Desirable

A

مطلوب

Ex: It is desirable that you should have some familiarity

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63
Q

Favor(n,v)

A

1-لطف، توجه، نيكي كردن
2-طرفداري كردن
Syn: approve/ defend/ champion/ advocate
Ex: Senior ministers spoke in favour of the proposal.

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64
Q

Apparent

A

ظاهر، آشكار، مسلم

Ex: apparent connection between certain actions

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65
Q

Refine

A

بهبود بخشيدن

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66
Q

Formalize

A

رسمي كردن
Syn: institutionalize
Ex: After several more weeks of details, the deal was formalized.

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67
Q

Representative

A

نماينده، نمايشگر
Syn: delegate
Ex: an elected representative of the people

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68
Q

Accompany

A

همراهي كردن
Accompanying مشايعت
Ex: Children under 14 must be accompanied by an adult.
Wherever her husband went, she would accompany him.

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69
Q

Modify

A

اصلاح كردن

Syn: improve

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70
Q

Autonomous

A

مستقل
Syn: independent
Ex: Galicia is an autonomous region of Spain.

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71
Q

Efficacious

A

موثر
Syn: effective
Ex: an equally efficacious method of treatment

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72
Q

Elaborate

A

اطلاعات زياد در مورد چيزي دادن

Elaborated پر جزئيات

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73
Q

Relating

A

بازگو كردن، شرح دادن

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74
Q

Evolve(v)

A

تكامل يافتن

Ex: Animals have evolved camouflageاستتار to protect themselves from predatorsشكارچيان

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75
Q

Virtuous(adj)

A

با فضيلت، راستگو و با اخلاق
Virtuosity ذوق هنر پيشگي
Ex: Sue considered herself very virtuous because she neither drank nor smoked.

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76
Q

Antecedent(adj,n)

A

سابقه، سابق

Ex: the possible antecedent of theatre

77
Q

Scholar

78
Q

Theorize(v)

A

تئوري بوجود آوردن

Ex: scholars have theorized About global warming

79
Q

Set forth

A

بيان كردن يك موضوع بصورت كاملا سازماندهي شده/ عازم شدن
Syn: set out
Ex: He set forth an idealistic view of society
Ex: They were about to set forth on a voyage into the unknown.

80
Q

Encounter(n,v)

A

مواجهه/ روبرو شدن، تجربه كردن يك موضوع يا موقعيت
to experience something, especially problems or opposition

Ex:They encountered serious problems when two members of the expedition هيئت اعزامي were injured.

81
Q

Confront

A

مواجه شدن، سرو كله زدن با يه موضوع
Pro: كِن فِرِنت
1 if a problem, difficulty etc confronts you, it appears and needs to be dealt with

Ex: Customers are confronted with a bewildering amount of choice.

82
Q

Objectify

A

مجسم كردن

83
Q

Instinct

A

غريزه

84
Q

Penchant

A

تمايل، علاقه شديد

Syn: inclination

85
Q

Autonomous

A

خود مختار، مستقل
Syn: independent
Ex: Galicia is an autonomous region of Spain.

86
Q

Detach

A

جدا كردن، سوا كردن، اعزام كردن
Opp: attach
Detachedمنفصل
Ex: You can detach the hood from the jacket.

87
Q

Deviation

A

انحراف

Ex: deviation from the normal procedureروند

88
Q

Nevertheless

A

با اين وجود، با اين حال، عليرغم

89
Q

Ascribe

A

نسبت دادن
Syn: attribute
Ascribe sth to sth/sb

90
Q

Hypothetical

91
Q

Prosperity

A

رونق، كاميابي

92
Q

Inclination

A

تمايل
Syn: tendency, penchant
Ex: My natural inclination was to say no.
Verb: incline شيب دادن، تمايل داشتن، شيب

93
Q

Saturate

A 
اشباع كردن
Pro: سَچِرِيت
Syn: soak
Opp: dry
Ex: Water poured through the hole, saturating the carpet.
94
Q

By far

A

تاكنون

95
Q

Grain

A

دانه، ذره

Ex: big sacksكيسه of grain

96
Q

Pebble

A

سنگ كوچك صيقلي

Ex: The beach was covered with smooth white pebbles

97
Q

Particles

A

ذرات

Ex: dust particles

98
Q

Loose(adj, v)

A

شل، رها، رها كردن، رها شدن، شل شدن

Ex: The screw has come loose (=became loose).

99
Q

Consolidation(n)

A

تثبيت
Ex: This is a time for consolidation, not for expansion

Ex: Tiny pebbles of loose, unconsolidated sand

Consolidate sediment= cemented sediment

100
Q

Bed

A

بستر

Ex: the sea bed

101
Q

Coarse(adj)

A

درشت، خشن و زبر

Ex: a jacket of coarse wool

102
Q

Laden

A

مملو، پر
Pro: لِيْدِن
Ex: The tables were laden with food.

103
Q

Flow(n,v)

A

جريان، جاري بودن

Ex: He struggled to swim against the flow of the water.

104
Q

Pore

A

منفذ، با دقت ديدن

Ex: consolidated sediments contain millions of minute water holding pores.

105
Q

Minute

A

بسيار ريز

Ex: minute pores

106
Q

Porous

A

متخلخل
Ex: porous material

Porosity تخلخل

107
Q

Plug

A

پر كردن سوراخ كوچك، دو شاخه برق

Ex: We used mud to plug up the holes in the roof.

108
Q

Cement

A

سيمان، با سيمان پوشاندن، رابطه برقرار كردن
Ex: They want to cement a good working relationship between the government and trade unions.
Cemented sediment

109
Q

Percolate

A

به آرامي نفوذ پيدا كردن
Ex: Rainwater percolates down through the rock.
Ex: The message has begun to percolate through the organization.

110
Q

Proportion

A

نسبت، مقدار

Ex: The proportion of women graduates has increased in recent years.

111
Q

Permeat

A

نفوذ كردن

Ex: The smell of diesel oil permeated the air.

112
Q

Permeability

A

نفوذ پذيري

Ex: prosityتخلخل is not the same as permeability

113
Q

Permeable (adj)

A

نفوذ پذير
Pro: پِرْمييِبِل
Opp: impermeable
Ex: the permeable cell membraneغشا

114
Q

Drain

A

زهكشي، بيرون كشيدن مايع

Ex: The swimming pool is drained and cleaned every winter.

115
Q

Crevice

A

شكاف
Pro: كِرِوِسْ
Ex: small creatures that hide in crevices in the rock

116
Q

Cling

A

چسبيدن به كسي يا چيزي
Pro: كِلاينگ
Ex: His wet shirt clung to his body.
Ex:He wailed and clung to his mother.

Cliningچسبيده

117
Q

Interpretation(n)

A

تفسير، تعبير
Verb: interpret
Ex: dream interpretation

118
Q

Narrow

A

باريك، محدود/ باريك كردن، محدود كردن
Narrow sth down
Ex: The police have narrowed down their list of suspects

119
Q

Rehearsal

A

تمرين(عملي)
Syn: drill
Ex: The dialogue was worked out by actors in rehearsal.

120
Q

Spool

A

قرقره

Ex: stationary spool

121
Q

Rehearsal

A

تمرين(عملي)
Syn: drill
Ex: The dialogue was worked out by actors in rehearsal.

122
Q

Spool

A

قرقره

Ex: stationary spool

123
Q

Sum up

A

خلاصه كردن

Ex: who could sum these informations up

124
Q

Procedure

A

روش، روند

Ex: What’s the procedure for applying for a visa?

125
Q

Strike

A

ضربه، ضربه زدن، اعتصاب
Syn: hit
Stroke ضربه
Ex: Several cars were struck by falling trees.

126
Q

Canvas

A

بوم نقاشي

127
Q

Posture

A

حالت، طرز ايستادن

128
Q

Vibrant

A

پرجنب و جوش
Ex: Hong Kong is a vibrant, fascinating city.

a vibrant colour is bright and strong
a painting full of vibrant reds and blues

129
Q

Accessible

A

در دسترس، قابل فهم

Ex: He wants his music to be accessible to everyone.

130
Q

Bleak

A

غم افزا، درمعرض باد سرد

131
Q

Discourage

A

دلسرد كردن، بي جرأت كردن

Ex: My father is a lawyer, and he discouraged me from entering the field.

132
Q

Bleak

A

غم افزا، درمعرض باد سرد

133
Q

Discourage

A

دلسرد كردن، بي جرأت كردن
Grammar
She discouraged me from going.
✗Don’t say: She discouraged me to go.

134
Q

Foreground

A

منظره پيش زمينه

Opp: background

135
Q

Deligate

A

محول كردن، نماينده
Syn: representative
Ex:Around 350 delegates attended the conference.

136
Q

Predator

A

درنده، شكارچي
Opp: prey
Ex: the predator ate its prey

137
Q

Expedite

A

تسريع كردن
Syn: speed up
Ex: strategies to expedite the decision-making process

137
Q

Conventional

A

قراردادي، طبق آيين و رسوم
Ex: He is conventional in his approach to life.
Conventional wisdom

138
Q

Assumption

A

فرض

Ex: My calculations were based on the assumption that house prices would remain steady.

139
Q

Conclusively

A

قطعي
Ex: The investigation failed to provide any conclusive evidence.
Opp: inconclusive

140
Q

Obligation

A

وظيفه، تعهد
Ex: obligation to
America’s obligation to its allies

141
Q

Continent

A

قاره

Ex: the continents of Asia and Africa

142
Q

Astronomy

A

علم نجوم

143
Q

Interdisciplinary

A

بين رشته اي

Ex: an interdisciplinary research centre

144
Q

Inhabitants

A

ساكنان

Ex: a city of six million inhabitants

145
Q

Neolistic

A

دوره نو سنگي

146
Q

Hearth

A

اجاق

Ex: Then they all gathered before a small fire on the kitchen hearth.

147
Q

Tend

A

تمايل داشتن، نگهداري كردن از

Ex: Sofia was in the bedroom tending to her son.

148
Q

Ash/ ashes

A

خاكستر

Ex: The house burnt to ashes.

149
Q

Plaster

A

گچ، گچ زدن

150
Q

Soot

151
Q

Excavate

A

حفاري كردن
Excavation حفاري
Ex: Schliemann excavated the ancient city of Troy.

152
Q

Significance

A

اهميت
Opp: insignificance
Ex: the significance of climate change

153
Q

Yield

A

حاصل، محصول، ثمر دادن، واگذار كردن
Ex: Our research has only recently begun to yield important results.
Ex: The military has promised to yield power.
Ex: Shareholdersسهامداران are expecting a higher yield this year.

154
Q

Adapt

A

سازگار كردن، سازگاري

Ex: flowers which are well adapted to harsh winters

155
Q

Rodent

A

جونده

156
Q

Hibernating

A

خواب زمستاني

157
Q

Mating

A

جفت گيري

158
Q

Loner

A

انزوا طلب

Ex: Ken’s always been a bit of a loner.

159
Q

Offspring

A

فرزند

Syn: progency

160
Q

Edible

A

خوردني
Opp: inedible
Ex: These berries are edible, but those are poisonous.

161
Q

Potable

A

آشاميدني

Ex: potable water

162
Q

Roughly

A

تقريباً
Syn: about/ approximately
Ex: There were roughly 200 people there.

163
Q

Bizarre

A

عجيب و غريب

Ex: a bizarre coincidence

164
Q

Hazard

A

خطر

Ex: Polluted water sources are a hazard to wildlife.

165
Q

Meadow

A

مرتع و چمنزار

166
Q

Unlike

A

برخلاف، برعكس، بي شباهت

Ex: Tammy was unlike any other woman I have ever known.

167
Q

Nurture

A

پرورش، پرورش دادن

Ex: plants nurtured in the greenhouse

168
Q

Fragment

A

قطعه، تكه، خرد كردن
Ex: glass fragments
a fragmented society

169
Q

Prudent

A

محتاط، معقول
Ex: prudent house buyers
Ex: It might be prudent to get a virus detector for the network.

170
Q

Discreet

A

محتاط، با احتياط
Syn: wary/ circumspect/ prudent/ careful/ cautious/ discreet
Opp: indiscreet
Ex: He assured her that he would be discreet.
I stood back at a discreet distance.

171
Q

Proficiency

A

مهارت

Ex: a high level of proficiency in English

172
Q

Implement

A

پياده سازي، اجرا، انجام دادن

Ex: We have decided to implement the committee’s recommendations in full.

173
Q

Construct

A

ساختن، ايجاد كردن

Ex: There are plans to construct a new road bridge across the river.

174
Q

Deduction

A

استنتاج، استنباط

Ex: Children will soon make deductions about the meaning of a word.

175
Q

Induction

A

استقرا، معرف كسي براي كاري بودن

176
Q

Nevertheless

A

اگرچه

Ex: What you said was true. It was, nevertheless, a little unkind.

177
Q

Description

A

توصيف، شرح

178
Q

Consequence

A

نتيجه

Ex: Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.

179
Q

Premise

A

فرض، فرضيه
Pro: پِرِمِس
Ex: The idea that there is life on other planets is the central premise of the novel.

180
Q

Mandatory

A

اجباري
Syn: compulsory/ compulsive/ coercive/ forcible/ obligatory
Opp: discretionary
Ex: The Council has made it mandatory for all nurses to attend a refresher course every three years.

181
Q

Discretionary

A

اختياري، از روي بصيرت
Discretion اختيار، بصيرت
Ex: the court’s discretionary powers

182
Q

Subvert

A

تضعيف كردن، تخريب كردن

Ex: an attempt to subvert the democratic process

183
Q

Plausible

A

باور پذير
Opp: implausible
Ex: His story certainly sounds plausible.
a plausible explanation

184
Q

Patrol

A

گشتن(گشتن يك مكان/ دور دور زدن)
Ex: Armed guards patrolled the grounds
Ex: Gangs of youths patrolled the streets at night.

185
Q

Vertebrate

A

مهره داران

Opp: invertebrate

186
Q

Inconsistent

A

ناسازگار
Inconsistency ناسازگاري، تناقض
Ex: There were several glaring inconsistencies (=very noticeable differences) in his report.تناقضات چشمگير
Opp: consistent

187
Q

Aristocratic

A

اشرافي

Ex: an aristocratic family

Parnaz English Words (11 decks)

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