Toxicology exam 3 Flashcards
what is the time difference between subchronic and chronic exposure to toxicants
subchronic is 1-3 months. think cu in sheep and dogs
chrink is greater than 3 months. can also be Cu
most common route of exposure for animals
oral
what causes white muscle disease?
selenium deficiency cant sequester calcium
how does bromethalin tox effect the nervous system
increases sodium [] in cells in brains. cells swell. causes cerebral and spinal adema
phase 1 versus phase 2 metabolism
phase one makes the toxin more polar, drug is converted to toxic agent
phase 2 is conjugation, binds and secretion is goal
how does nitrate tox occur in ruminants
cows normally convert nitrate to protein. when pathway is oversaturated, it stops at nitrite. this enter blood stream and oxidizes hemoglobin. methemoglobinemia and hypoxia
what does cacao toxic compound and what does that compound do
theobromine. CNS stimulation by inhibiting adenosine. tachycardia, vasoconstriction
polyuria, polydipsia in animal given steroids is considered toxic, nontoxic, or beneficial
nontoxic
what is the goal of a chelator
bind to the toxin, form a less toxic compound that can be excreted
what type of drug interaction is narcan
receptor antagonism. binds to the same receptor as drugs, btu has a stronger affinity. blocks the drugs from binding
what does a functional antagonistic do?
produces oppostie effects as the toxicant. example is plant toxins and propofol
what sort of antagonism does activated charcoal do?
dispositional antagonism. alters the absorption and distribution of the toxicant. increases fecal secretion
recommended drugs to use for inducing emesis in dogs
apomorphine (IV, IM) then clevor( opthalmic).
drugs for inducing emesis in cats
xylazine, then dexmetomidine
what toxicants should you not induce emesis?
corrosive batteries, toilet bowl cleaners, gasoline
when should you not use activated charcoal
for alcohols, ethanol, zylitol, heavy metals, nitrites, nitrates, and chlorates.
what is a cathartic?
draws water into the gut lumen. stimulates gut movement enhancing elimination
cathartic for large animals? for small animals?
LA: magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate.
SA: sorbitol
type 1 pyrethrin causes_____ while type 2 causes_____
tremors,
CS syndrome. hypersalivation
which animals are most sensitive to pyrethroids
cats, fish, reptiles
what do organophosphates/carbamates do?
inhibit the breakdown of ACH. PNS is overwhelmed. so lots of rest and digest.
what is SLUDDE and what causes it?
organophospate/carbamate salivation, lacrimation, urination, dyspnea, defecation, emesis
what do you use to treat op/carbamate toxicity?
atropine sulfate
what drug treats SSRI posioning
acepromazine. block serotonin recpetors
what is serotonin syndrome?
SSRI toxicity. think cat in the box. head bobbing, tachycardia, walking in circles, mydriasis (dilated pupils)
what treats serotonin syndrome
cyproheptadine. acepromazine treats the irritation
what does THC do
increases GABA. causes CNS depression.
first sign of THC toxosis
urinary incontenience
which two mycotoxins are associated with garbage posioning
penitrem A and roquefortine
toxic agent in oak leaves and acorns
gallotannins
toxic agent in grapes?
tartartic acid.
cholecalciferol, ethylene glycol, lillies, grapes, and oak leaves cause which type of toxicity?
nephrotoxicity
symptoms seen with cholecalciferol
GI bleeding, hpercalcemia, inc potassium in blood, azotemia.
rate limiting enzyme of ethylene glycol
Alcohol dehydrogenase
in what stage of ethylene glycol tox is cardiopulmonary signs seen
in stage 2. trying to blow off co2 to help with acidosis
what will you see in a UA of ethylene glycol tox
calcium oxalate monohydrates
acetaminophen causes what main symptoms
oxidizes RBC (methemoglobinemia), necrosis of the liver from toxic metabolite created
why are cats most susceptible to acetaminophen tox
they have reduced glucoronyltransferase so they default to the toxic pathway quicker.
toxin in blue-green algae
microcystins
aflatoxin that gets excreted in milk
Aflatoxin M1
most susceptible to aflatoxin
dogs, young pigs, turkey and all young animals
xylitol tox causes -kalemia and -glycemia
hpyokalemia and hypoglycemia. insulin moves both into the cells.
treatment for xylitol
dextrose fluids
recommended hepatoprotectants used to treat animals with hepatotoxicity
acetylcysteine and SAM-e
what causes GI toxicity in animals? (5)
zinc, NSAIDs, blister beetles, slaframine and deoxynivaenol (mycotoxins)
dermal tox is caused by what? (3)
pyrrolizidine (UV plants), blister beetles, snake venom
what causes slobber syndrome (mycotoxin)
slaframine
what is the toxic mech of zinc phosphide
stomach acid creates phosphine gas. corrosive
what toxin produces rotten fish smell from mouth and vomitus?
zinc phosphide exposure
what toxicity in horses produces GI tox, PLE, colitis, and malabsorption
NSAIDs (phenylbutazone)
blister beetle toxin
cantharidin
which animals are most sensitive to slaframine tox
horses. eat red clover
what toxin is considered the vomitoxin
DON. pink growth on wheat and barley. mycotoxin
which animals (2) are most sensitive to DON.vomitoxin
dogs and pigs
which toxin is cardiotoxic?
yew plants
what is the toxin in yew plants
taxine
anticoagulent rodenticides do what
vitamin K antagonist. clotting factors 10, 2, 9, 7 with factor 7 being the first to go
what do red maple leaves cause
RBC hemolysis
treatment for nitrate toxicity
methylene blue but vitamin C is preferred
four enzymatic proteins in pit viper venom
coagulants, hemorrhagins, mycotoxins, and cytotoxins
what causes bloody rice water diarrhea
arsenic tox
common source of zinc posioning
pennies after 1982
what is copper storage disease. which dog breeds are more susceptible
small terriers, domerman, lab, dalmation, german shephard can excrete copper so everyhing they ingest stays
why are sheep more susceptible to copper tox
lack molybdenum [] which act as copper antagonists
chelator for iron toxicity
deferoxamine or desferal
chelators for copper
d penicillamine or trientine
arsenic tox chelator in large animals
sodium thiosulfate
lead tox chelator
calcium disodium EDTA
