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DWT > Toxicology exam 3 > Flashcards

Toxicology exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the time difference between subchronic and chronic exposure to toxicants

A

subchronic is 1-3 months. think cu in sheep and dogs
chrink is greater than 3 months. can also be Cu

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2
Q

most common route of exposure for animals

A

oral

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3
Q

what causes white muscle disease?

A

selenium deficiency cant sequester calcium

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4
Q

how does bromethalin tox effect the nervous system

A

increases sodium [] in cells in brains. cells swell. causes cerebral and spinal adema

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5
Q

phase 1 versus phase 2 metabolism

A

phase one makes the toxin more polar, drug is converted to toxic agent
phase 2 is conjugation, binds and secretion is goal

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6
Q

how does nitrate tox occur in ruminants

A

cows normally convert nitrate to protein. when pathway is oversaturated, it stops at nitrite. this enter blood stream and oxidizes hemoglobin. methemoglobinemia and hypoxia

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7
Q

what does cacao toxic compound and what does that compound do

A

theobromine. CNS stimulation by inhibiting adenosine. tachycardia, vasoconstriction

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8
Q

polyuria, polydipsia in animal given steroids is considered toxic, nontoxic, or beneficial

A

nontoxic

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9
Q

what is the goal of a chelator

A

bind to the toxin, form a less toxic compound that can be excreted

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10
Q

what type of drug interaction is narcan

A

receptor antagonism. binds to the same receptor as drugs, btu has a stronger affinity. blocks the drugs from binding

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11
Q

what does a functional antagonistic do?

A

produces oppostie effects as the toxicant. example is plant toxins and propofol

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12
Q

what sort of antagonism does activated charcoal do?

A

dispositional antagonism. alters the absorption and distribution of the toxicant. increases fecal secretion

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13
Q

recommended drugs to use for inducing emesis in dogs

A

apomorphine (IV, IM) then clevor( opthalmic).

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14
Q

drugs for inducing emesis in cats

A

xylazine, then dexmetomidine

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15
Q

what toxicants should you not induce emesis?

A

corrosive batteries, toilet bowl cleaners, gasoline

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16
Q

when should you not use activated charcoal

A

for alcohols, ethanol, zylitol, heavy metals, nitrites, nitrates, and chlorates.

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17
Q

what is a cathartic?

A

draws water into the gut lumen. stimulates gut movement enhancing elimination

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18
Q

cathartic for large animals? for small animals?

A

LA: magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate.
SA: sorbitol

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19
Q

type 1 pyrethrin causes_____ while type 2 causes_____

A

tremors,
CS syndrome. hypersalivation

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20
Q

which animals are most sensitive to pyrethroids

A

cats, fish, reptiles

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21
Q

what do organophosphates/carbamates do?

A

inhibit the breakdown of ACH. PNS is overwhelmed. so lots of rest and digest.

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22
Q

what is SLUDDE and what causes it?

A

organophospate/carbamate salivation, lacrimation, urination, dyspnea, defecation, emesis

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23
Q

what do you use to treat op/carbamate toxicity?

A

atropine sulfate

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24
Q

what drug treats SSRI posioning

A

acepromazine. block serotonin recpetors

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25
Q

what is serotonin syndrome?

A

SSRI toxicity. think cat in the box. head bobbing, tachycardia, walking in circles, mydriasis (dilated pupils)

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26
Q

what treats serotonin syndrome

A

cyproheptadine. acepromazine treats the irritation

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27
Q

what does THC do

A

increases GABA. causes CNS depression.

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28
Q

first sign of THC toxosis

A

urinary incontenience

29
Q

which two mycotoxins are associated with garbage posioning

A

penitrem A and roquefortine

30
Q

toxic agent in oak leaves and acorns

A

gallotannins

31
Q

toxic agent in grapes?

A

tartartic acid.

32
Q

cholecalciferol, ethylene glycol, lillies, grapes, and oak leaves cause which type of toxicity?

A

nephrotoxicity

33
Q

symptoms seen with cholecalciferol

A

GI bleeding, hpercalcemia, inc potassium in blood, azotemia.

34
Q

rate limiting enzyme of ethylene glycol

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

35
Q

in what stage of ethylene glycol tox is cardiopulmonary signs seen

A

in stage 2. trying to blow off co2 to help with acidosis

36
Q

what will you see in a UA of ethylene glycol tox

A

calcium oxalate monohydrates

37
Q

acetaminophen causes what main symptoms

A

oxidizes RBC (methemoglobinemia), necrosis of the liver from toxic metabolite created

38
Q

why are cats most susceptible to acetaminophen tox

A

they have reduced glucoronyltransferase so they default to the toxic pathway quicker.

39
Q

toxin in blue-green algae

A

microcystins

40
Q

aflatoxin that gets excreted in milk

A

Aflatoxin M1

41
Q

most susceptible to aflatoxin

A

dogs, young pigs, turkey and all young animals

42
Q

xylitol tox causes -kalemia and -glycemia

A

hpyokalemia and hypoglycemia. insulin moves both into the cells.

43
Q

treatment for xylitol

A

dextrose fluids

44
Q

recommended hepatoprotectants used to treat animals with hepatotoxicity

A

acetylcysteine and SAM-e

45
Q

what causes GI toxicity in animals? (5)

A

zinc, NSAIDs, blister beetles, slaframine and deoxynivaenol (mycotoxins)

46
Q

dermal tox is caused by what? (3)

A

pyrrolizidine (UV plants), blister beetles, snake venom

47
Q

what causes slobber syndrome (mycotoxin)

A

slaframine

48
Q

what is the toxic mech of zinc phosphide

A

stomach acid creates phosphine gas. corrosive

49
Q

what toxin produces rotten fish smell from mouth and vomitus?

A

zinc phosphide exposure

50
Q

what toxicity in horses produces GI tox, PLE, colitis, and malabsorption

A

NSAIDs (phenylbutazone)

51
Q

blister beetle toxin

A

cantharidin

52
Q

which animals are most sensitive to slaframine tox

A

horses. eat red clover

53
Q

what toxin is considered the vomitoxin

A

DON. pink growth on wheat and barley. mycotoxin

54
Q

which animals (2) are most sensitive to DON.vomitoxin

A

dogs and pigs

55
Q

which toxin is cardiotoxic?

A

yew plants

56
Q

what is the toxin in yew plants

A

taxine

57
Q

anticoagulent rodenticides do what

A

vitamin K antagonist. clotting factors 10, 2, 9, 7 with factor 7 being the first to go

58
Q

what do red maple leaves cause

A

RBC hemolysis

59
Q

treatment for nitrate toxicity

A

methylene blue but vitamin C is preferred

60
Q

four enzymatic proteins in pit viper venom

A

coagulants, hemorrhagins, mycotoxins, and cytotoxins

61
Q

what causes bloody rice water diarrhea

A

arsenic tox

62
Q

common source of zinc posioning

A

pennies after 1982

63
Q

what is copper storage disease. which dog breeds are more susceptible

A

small terriers, domerman, lab, dalmation, german shephard can excrete copper so everyhing they ingest stays

64
Q

why are sheep more susceptible to copper tox

A

lack molybdenum [] which act as copper antagonists

65
Q

chelator for iron toxicity

A

deferoxamine or desferal

66
Q

chelators for copper

A

d penicillamine or trientine

67
Q

arsenic tox chelator in large animals

A

sodium thiosulfate

68
Q

lead tox chelator

A

calcium disodium EDTA

DWT (17 decks)

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