pathology exam 3

Question 1

causes of edema

Answer 1

increase intravascular hydrostatic pressure, decreased intravascular pressure, increased microvascular permiability, decreased lymphatic drainage

Question 2

hyperemia vs congestion

Answer 2

hyperemia is an increase due to inflammation congestion is an increase due to a blockage not flowing

Question 3

what causes decreased intravascular osmotic pressure and what causes that protein to do that

Answer 3

decrease in albumin. this is caused by PLE, PLN, liver failure

Question 4

increased microvascular permeability is due to what

Answer 4

acute inflammatory vascular changes

Question 5

two main causes of hyperemia

Answer 5

physiologic (increased demand. blood to stomach)
pathologic inflammation.

Question 6

R cardiac infufficiency is usually due to what? what does this cause? what is the general term for it

Answer 6

Right heart cardiac insufficiency. vena cava gets backed up causes blood to accumulate in the central lobular areas of the liver. congestion and degeneration occur. nutmeg liver

Question 7

Left cardiac insufficiency is due to what. what occurs?

Answer 7

accumulation of blood and inc hydrostatic pressure in lung. macrophages in the lungs.

Question 8

ecchymosis

Answer 8

3mm-2cm. increased vascular fragility, secondary to trauma or petechiae. dark red centers

Question 9

hematoma

Answer 9

hemorrhage in a focal confined space.

Question 10

virchows triad that is needed for a thrombi

Answer 10

endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, hypercoagulability.

Question 11

three requirements for a thrombosis

Answer 11

blood must flow, decreased flow rate that allows for contact with the epithelium, eddies are formed

Question 12

the _____ alteration of blood flow is a major contributor to formation of venous thrombus

Answer 12

local formation of stasis

Question 13

which direction do thrombi form

Answer 13

away from the heart. venous grow in direction of flow arterial grow against flow

Question 14

four things a thrombi can do

Answer 14

propagate, embolize ( travel), dissolute (remove it), organize and recanalize (incorporate into vascular wall)

Question 15

thrombus vs blood clot

Answer 15

thrombus: dry, attached to the wall, composed of platelets, opaque, rough, from circulating blood

blood clot: moist, smooth, shiny, not attached to the wall, from fibrin, forms in stagnant blood

Question 16

DIC

Answer 16

pathological activation of the clotting cascade. throw clots everywhere in microcirculation. consequence not a disease

Question 17

what is the major cause of embolism

Answer 17

thrombus

Question 18

infarct? what are these usually the result of

Answer 18

area of ischemic necrosis bc blood supply or drainage was occluded. main result of a thrombotic or embolic event.

Question 19

explain the difference betwen acute, subacute, and chronic infarcts grossly

Answer 19

acute: red, raised
subacute: level, with with red periphery
chronic: sunken in. fibrous replacement

Question 20

hypovolemic shock is caused by what? what does it do?

Answer 20

loss of blood or plasma volume. bp falls and b/v decreases. compensation is bp increases and b/v increases

Question 21

cardiogenic shock. cause, signs

Answer 21

heart pump failure. decrease in b/v and cardiac output. anaerobic glycolysis so metabolic acidosis occurs

Question 22

neurogenic shock. cause, consequence

Answer 22

injury or pain. loss of sympathetic tone. PNS takeover. vasodilation

Question 23

anaphylactic shock cause, consequence

Answer 23

IgE allergic rxn. vasodilation, inc permiability, edema

Question 24

Septic shock. cause and consequence

Answer 24

LPS generally from G- infection. TLR4 pathway. increase thrombi, organ failure, DIC, vasodilation.

Question 25

three stages of shock: compensation, progressive, irreversible. defining factor of compensation

Answer 25

inc cardiac rate, slight inc in anaerobic met and decrease in nonvital circulation

Question 26

progressive stage of shock. symptoms

Answer 26

cardiac rate increases while cardiac output greatly decreases,
aerobic metabolism decreases, vital and nonvital circulation decrease

Question 27

irreversible shock symptoms

Answer 27

cardiac rate and output low
all metabolism low
circulation all low, lactic acid is high

Question 28

what is the first area of the body to suffer from hypoxia

Answer 28

central portal area in hepatic lobule. very active

Question 29

if tissue framework is damaged what occurs

Answer 29

fibrosis and scarring

Question 30

five components of fibrosis

Answer 30

inflammation, angiogenesis, fibroblast , scar formation, connective tissue remodel

Question 31

angiogenesis is important for what two things

Answer 31

formation of blood vessels. important for fibrosis and tumor growth.

Question 32

granulation tissue appearance. why

Answer 32

pink/tan shiny. new bloodvessels are leaky

Question 33

angiogenic factor. what does it do (3 things)

Answer 33

vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). proliferation, mobilization and survival of endothelial cells

Question 34

main differences between first intention and second intention healing.

Answer 34

1st: clean, small, epidermis returns to normal thickness, no real surface scar seen.

2nd: large, infected, wound is closed by contraction from myofibroblasts. epidermis is thinner, divot on surface is seen.

Question 35

number one thing that impairs wound healing

Answer 35

infection. (also nutrition)

Question 36

contracture what does it look like? why does it happen?

Answer 36

loss of mobility due to excessive contraction of myofibroblasts. common after severe burns

Question 37

3 forms of amyloid (pathologic deposition in tissues)

Answer 37

AL, AA, AB

Question 38

which form of amyloid is associated with primary amyloidosis

Answer 38

AL, from plasma cells. neoplasia

Question 39

which form of amyloid is associated with secondard amyoidosis

Answer 39

AA. serum, from the liver. persistent inflammation

Question 40

what is the overall pathogenesis of amyloidosis

Answer 40

abnormal folding of proteins that are deposited in tissues and organs and interfere with normal cellular function

Question 41

chronic inflammation involves what amyloid

Answer 41

AA. from liver

Question 42

unknown stimuli and carcinogens involve what amyloid

Answer 42

AL. from plasma cells